Different policies were introduced in China.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Millions of letters poured in making criticisms of the government.
2. [1] People held meetings and erected posters criticising the Communist Party.
3. [1] The Chinese people criticised low living standards and the privileges enjoyed by party officials.
4. [1] People complained about a lack of freedom and the copying of Soviet models for the economy.
5. [1] Intellectuals complained about the constraints placed on them.
6. [1] He thought this because China was stuck in the past and needed reforms if it was to move forward.
7. [1] He thought that China's economy had to be modernised.
8. [1] He wanted China to become a modern major power in the world.
9. [1] He wanted to restore order in China after the disorder created by Mao's ideas.
10. [1] He wanted to give people more freedom.
11. [1] He improved the education system to produce skilled workers.
12. [Explanation L3] Deng believed that, if China was to become a major world power, it had to modernise and reform its economy to make major progress. He thought that China had to use some western ideas and have more to do with the West. Foreign trade was increased and foreign investment was used to modernise China's industries. He moved away from a communist model of the economy and encouraged private enterprise. China's economy became one of the fastest growing in the world, which was what he had been aiming at.
13. [1] The Cultural Revolution was not a success. It did not help China or the Chinese Party and ended in failure.
14. [1] Mao was able to get rid of any rivals or threats to him.
15. [1] Mao strengthened his hold over China.
16. [1] Mao revived the revolutionary spirit.
17. [1] Mao managed to stop elements of capitalism creeping into China.
18. [1] China's education system was set back by years.
19. [1] Educational standards fell.
20. [1] China was no longer producing the skilled workers it needed.
21. [1] It made China very unstable and little progress could be made.
22. [Explanation L3 (Success)] The Cultural Revolution was a success for Mao. He had been worried that his power was not as secure as he would like and that he had rivals like Liu Shaoqi. The Cultural Revolution was designed to get rid of Mao's rivals and it did this. Mao claimed that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society to try to restore capitalism. Many people were expelled from the Party, punished and re-educated. Mao ended the Cultural Revolution when he was sure that his position was strong and secure.
23. [Explanation L3 (Disaster)] I think the Cultural Revolution was a disaster for China. Schools were closed and the literacy rate went down. Universities were no longer producing the skilled people China needed, like engineers, and many intellectuals and students were either imprisoned or sent to labour in the countryside. Museums and historical sites were destroyed and everybody had to learn Maoist propaganda. All this set China back by decades and the politicians that followed Mao had to put it right.