Civilians across the world suffered as a result of war.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] The Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA)was formed.
2. [4] The MPAJA was made up mostly of Chinese Communists.
3. [4] Britain supplied the MPAJA with officers and supplies.
4. [4] The army also received supplies and recruits from Chinese and Malays.
5. [4] MPAJA avoided large-scale action against the Japanese.
6. [4] They were based in the forests of Malaya.
7. [4] The MPAJA launched hit-and-run-attacks on the Japanese and tried to sabotage their bases and means of communication.
8. [6] The main reason for the uprising was that the Poles wanted to drive the Germans out of Warsaw and Poland. The uprising was part of a wider operation called Operation Tempest which aimed to liberate Poland from German control. The uprising was also timed to coincide with an offensive launched by the Soviet Union. If the Poles could carry out a successful coup in Warsaw this would distract German forces and weaken their defences. In this way, the Poles also wanted to assist in the defeat of Germany.
9. [2-3] The uprising was intended to liberate Warsaw from German occupation.
10. [2-3] The uprising aimed to help the Allies defeat Germany.
11. [2-3] The Polish Underground State wanted to take control before a Soviet-backed government could be established.
12. [2-3] The Polish wanted revenge for the way the Poles had been treated during the German occupation.
13. [2-3] The Germans were threatening to kill Polish civilians.
14. [2-3] Radio Moscow appealed to the Poles to rise against the Nazis.
15. [1] There was fighting on the streets of Warsaw.
16. [10] The raids were intended to destroy the morale of British civilians. The first raids were planned using a Baedeker Guide and attacked cities such as Exeter and York which had no strategic significance but were considered by the British to be beautiful, ancient cities which represented Britain's glorious history.
17. [4-6] Destroying civilian morale was an important focus of the bombing raids. In 1940, Germany launched the Blitz against British cities with the intention of undermining morale. London was bombed for 57 consecutive nights. Although some industrial cities were targeted, these attacks were not so effective as industrial production increased between 1940 and 1941.
18. [4-6] However, some cities were targeted because they were of strategic importance. For example, Coventry, which was an important armaments production and engineering centre, was heavily bombed on 14-15 November 1940. Other strategically important targets included Birmingham and Bristol which were attacked to destroy their small arms and aircraft factories and the docks at Avonmouth. Docks were bombed at Liverpool, Hull, Clydebank and Plymouth in an attempt to disrupt military operations and also prevent supplies reaching Britain.
19. [2-3] Strategic targets such as armaments factories were targeted to disrupt war production.
20. [2-3] Coventry was bombed as it was a centre for the engineering industry.
21. [2-3] The docks in Plymouth were bombed.
22. [2-3] Ancient cities such as York and Exeter were bombed.
23. [2-3] London was bombed for 57 consecutive nights in the Blitz in an attempt to destroy civilian morale.
24. [2-3] Doodlebugs (V1 bombs) were launched with the intention of taking revenge on civilians and causing mass casualties.
25. [1] The Blitz took place in 1940.