The peace process has been difficult.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. [1] Hezbollah does not recognise the state of Israel.
3. [1] Hezbollah launch missile attacks on Israeli towns.
4. [1] Hezbollah have a strong military presence within Lebanon.
5. [1] Hezbollah was formed in 1982.
6. [1] It aimed to drive Israeli forces out of Lebanon.
7. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
8. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
9. [4] The Oslo Accords were important because they were agreed by the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and the leader of the PLO, Yasser Arafat. The meetings and agreement between them were the first time the PLO had been recognised and suggested that there may be a way to bring an end to the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians.
10. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
11. [1] The Declaration of Principles was agreed by Rabin and Arafat.
12. [1] Israel recognised the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people.
13. [1] Israeli troops would be withdrawn from Gaza and the West Bank.
14. [1] It was agreed that the authority would pass to the Palestinians in these territories.
15. [1] There were to be elections for the new Palestinian Authority.
16. [1] There were to be further high level talks to turn broad principles into actual policy.
17. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
18. [1] An agreement was made at Oslo.
19. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
20. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
21. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks
22. [4] The issue of the Jewish settlements caused problems after Oslo. Although Israel gave up some land around Jericho, it was much less than the Palestinians had hoped for. There was violent opposition to the agreements from Palestinians and Israelis. Israeli politicians argued over the settlements. Likud wanted further expansion while Labor preferred to negotiate with the PLO. The tension and divisions over this were seen in the assassination of Rabin by an Israeli student.
23. [4] Other issues caused tension. For example, the water supply to the region was controlled by Israel. The level of water used by the Palestinians was restricted. Israel was afraid that if Palestine gained the water sources in the West Bank, it would control the water supply to 3 million Israelis.
24. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
25. [1] The Israelis did not give up all the land which had been promised.
26. [1] The Israelis strengthened their Eastern border by a Treaty with Jordan.
27. [1] Violence broke out in Gaza and the West Bank.
28. [1] Hezbollah bombed the Israeli Embassy in London.
29. [1] The water supply to the West Bank was a cause of tension.
30. [1] Likud politicians supported expansion of the Jewish settlements.
31. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
32. [1] The Palestinians and Israelis could not cooperate with each other.