European powers intervened in many areas of the world.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. [1] To increase trade.
3. [1] To gain raw materials and food products.
4. [1] To gain access to new markets.
5. [1] To gain products which could not be grown or produced in Europe.
6. [1] These products included bananas, palm oil, cocoa and tea.
7. [1] To gain prestige.
8. [1] To invest surplus profits into new projects.
9. [1] They provided coaling stations vital for trade.
10. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
11. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
12. [4] The Mutiny broke out among the sepoys in the Bengal Army of the East India Company who believed they were issued with bullets greased with cow or pig fat. This offended those following the Hindu and Muslim religions. The concerns of the sepoys were ignored. This was important as it showed that the British were not respectful of Indian beliefs, and this increased resentment of the British.
13. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
14. [1] The British were trying to introduce reform.
15. [1] Opposition had been growing for some time.
16. [1] Lord Dalhousie tried to introduce his reforms too quickly.
17. [1] The reforms ignored many Eastern customs and religious practices.
18. [1] The views of Indians had been ignored.
19. [1] Greased bullets brought matters to a head.
20. [1] There were rumours that Indians would be forced to become Christians.
21. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
22. [1] It showed that the Indians were fed up with British rule.
23. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
24. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
25. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks
26. [4] There were many differences. For instance, the French ruled Senegal directly from Paris whereas the British controlled Nigeria indirectly, allowing the indigenous chiefs to continue administering justice.
27. [4] There were similarities because both powers wanted to control their empires in their own interests. They both wanted to exploit the natural resources which they found in their colonies, such as palm oil or rubber, and they were keen to find new markets in their colonies for their own manufactured goods. This meant that the economy in both British and French colonies was dominated by the interests of the colonising power.
28. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
29. [1] The French used assimilation.
30. [1] Senegal was treated as an equal by the French.
31. [1] The Senegalese had equal rights.
32. [1] In Nigeria the chiefs ruled the country for Britain.
33. [1] Britain did not have the resources to rule directly.
34. [1] Both powers wanted economic gain from their colonies.
35. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
36. [1] They were similar in some ways and different in others.