The 1848-49 revolution in Prussia was short-lived.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. [1] Unrest led to a clash with the military on 14 March.
3. [1] On 18 March a mob gathered in front of Berlin Castle believing the King was to announce some liberal reforms.
4. [1] Troops appeared to disperse the protesters.
5. [1] Shots were fired and fighting broke out.
6. [1] Over 200 protesters were killed.
7. [1] There was street fighting and barricades were drawn up.
8. [1] The King agreed to withdraw the troops if the barricades were removed.
9. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
10. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
11. [4] In many German states there were demands for freedoms such as those proposed by the liberals. For example, people wanted freedom of speech and freedom of the press. These freedoms were denied by the Austrians who controlled the German states. Many Germans wanted to have a say in how their states were run and there was a demand for constitutional government as a result.
12. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
13. [1] There was a demand for a parliament.
14. [1] Liberal ideas included freedoms such as freedom of speech and freedom of the press.
15. [1] Liberals thought that Germans should have a say in how their country was run.
16. [1] The Germans resented domination by Austria.
17. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
18. [1] Many Prussians resented Austrian control.
19. [1] Prussians wanted parliamentary representation.
20. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
21. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
22. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks
23. [4] In some ways Frederick William was responsible. He rejected the offer of the German crown by the Frankfurt Parliament. By doing this he lost the opportunity to unite the German states and this signalled that the revolution was over.
24. [4] The League of Princes was set up as a Prussian-dominated union. When the ruler of Hesse-Cassel was overthrown, he turned to Austria, not Prussia, for help in suppressing the revolution. Austria sent an army of 200 000, demonstrating clearly to other German states that Austria, not Prussia, was still the dominant force in Germany.
25. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
26. [1] With the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament, Austria assumed its previous role.
27. [1] The refusal of the crown of ‘The Emperor of the Germans' by Frederick William lost Prussia's chance to take control of the German states.
28. [1] The Austrians recovered from their internal problems and dealt with the Italian states and Hungary.
29. [1] The Prussians backed down from possible war with Austria over the Hesse-Cassel affair.
30. [1] This led to the Treaty of Olmütz, which accepted Austria's dominance over the Germanic states.
31. [1] Austria resurrected the German Confederation, which it dominated.
32. [1] Austria forced Prussia to abandon the Erfurt Union.
33. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
34. [1] Frederick William was to blame as he gave in to the Austrians.