South African governments attempted to resist challenges to apartheid.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] The Bureau of State Security was established.
2. [1] The State Security Council was established to advise the PM on security matters.
3. [1] The Terrorism Act made terrorism a separate crime equal to treason.
4. [1] The receiving of military training could be considered under the Act.
5. [1] The Internal Security Amendment Act allowed suspects to be detained without charge.
6. [1] Potential witnesses could be kept in solitary confinement for six months.
7. [1] The police and security services were armed.
8. [1] The world economy needed South Africa's minerals.
9. [1] Steel production, car production and oil production all needed South Africa's minerals.
10. [1] South Africa was a major focus for American, Japanese and European investment.
11. [1] By 1978, nearly $30 billion was invested in South Africa.
12. [1] By imposing sanctions on South Africa, the industrialised economies would be damaged.
13. [Level 3/4 explanation example] The world economy depended upon South Africa for a broad range of essential minerals. Over 60% of the world's gold and half of the platinum group of metals used in car exhausts and oil refineries came from South Africa. It also produced diamonds, chromium, vanadium, asbestos, coal, copper, iron, nickel and zinc.
14. [1] The recession in 1973 caused strikes.
15. [1] The workers in Natal formed a strong organisation.
16. [1] They forced concessions from their employers.
17. [1] Biko's Black Consciousness Movement brought new hope to black people.
18. [1] The Soweto Riots showed black youths were not accepting apartheid.
19. [1] Thousands went to neighbouring countries to train as guerrilla fighters.
20. [Level 3 explanation example - Trade union opposition was serious] Trade union opposition was important because it showed that the workers could force concessions from the employers. There was a recession in South Africa in 1973 and there were a series of strikes to protest about wage reductions and longer working hours. In Natal, the Zulu workers organised themselves into a strong, united force and employers had to give way. This was to be important in future opposition.
21. [Level 3 explanation example - Other challenges were serious] Steve Biko's Black Consciousness Movement was the most important challenge because it encouraged a greater sense of cohesiveness, solidarity and assertiveness among black people. He encouraged them to struggle against oppression with renewed hope and vigour. He advocated peaceful and moderate methods and was an inspiration to many followers including those involved in the Soweto protests.