It was difficult to oppose apartheid in the 1950s and 1960s.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] The campaign aimed to challenge apartheid.
2. [1] It aimed to increase support for the ANC.
3. [1] It aimed to oppose apartheid through peaceful means.
4. [1] It aimed to attract national and international support to expose the injustice of the apartheid system.
5. [1] It aimed to encourage opponents of the government that further mass protest could bring political changes.
6. [1] He was a member of the ANC and defied apartheid.
7. [1] He organised Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) when the ANC went underground.
8. [1] MK was accused of acts of sabotage against government property.
9. [1] The government accused Mandela of being a Communist.
10. [1] Peaceful tactics had failed and resistance to apartheid became more violent.
11. [Level 3/4 explanation example] He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 when he was tried for sabotage under the Suppression of Communism Act. He had organised Umkhonto we Sizwe which was linked to acts of sabotage against the government and Mandela was tried for treason.
12. [1] The leaders of the ANC were imprisoned for life.
13. [1] People could be detained without charge.
14. [1] There were strict security measures.
15. [1] The OAU was formed in 1963.
16. [1] The OAU trained those who fled from South Africa.
17. [Level 3 explanation example - Opposition was repressed] In some ways opposition had been crushed. Following the Rivonia trial, the main leaders of the ANC were imprisoned and the government introduced harsh legislation to deal with opponents of apartheid. For instance, the General Laws Amendment Act meant the police could detain people for 90 days without charge and with no access to a lawyer. Given the lack of leadership and strict law enforcement, it appeared that resistance to apartheid had died down.
18. [Level 3 explanation example - Opposition was not fully repressed] Repression meant that some opponents of apartheid fled abroad. This didn't mean that they gave up trying to resist apartheid. The OAU was formed in 1963. The headquarters was in Tanzania and many opponents of apartheid went there to gain military training which would enable them to fight back against the South African regime.