The American Civil War had a great impact on the South.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] The 13th Amendment ended slavery.
2. [1] The 13th Amendment was added to the Constitution in December 1865.
3. [1] The 14th Amendment was passed in April 1866.
4. [1] The 14th Amendment was the Civil Rights Act.
5. [1] All citizens were given equality before the law.
6. [1] The 15th Amendment was introduced in 1869 but not ratified until 1870.
7. [1] The 15th Amendment made it illegal to deny the right to vote based on colour or race.
8. [1] To provide a political organisation.
9. [1] To fight for white rights.
10. [1] To target black Americans.
11. [1] To protect the weak from wrongdoing.
12. [1] To provide a club for ex-Confederate soldiers.
13. [Level 3/4 explanation example] The KKK was formed because the ex-Confederate soldiers saw themselves as vigilantes protecting white communities from the freed slaves. They set out to persecute freed men trying to set up business in white areas or on their own land.
14. [1] Initial representation did not happen.
15. [1] Governments were elected by universal suffrage.
16. [1] Southerners took the law into their own hands.
17. [1] Confederate leaders were disqualified from voting.
18. [1] Former Confederate politicians could not stand for office.
19. [1] Ex-slaves were now free.
20. [1] Ex-slaves could move between states freely.
21. [1] There was prejudice against freed slaves.
22. [Level 3 explanation example - Failure of Reconstruction] Johnson's policy was one of reconciliation. The Southern states could elect legislatures and send senators and representatives to Washington. In theory, the Southern states were treated equally with the Northern states.
23. [Level 3 explanation example - Challenges during Reconstruction] Carpetbaggers, who were Northerners seeking election in the South, and scalawags, who were Southerners supporting the Republicans, were able to take control of the state governments in the Deep South and impose their wishes. They were often corrupt and wasted money.