Gaining support has been a challenge for the Palestinians.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) Israel invaded Lebanon in June 1982.
2. [1] (a) The attack was prompted by the assassination of the Israeli ambassador in London.
3. [1] (a) The attack was code-named Peace for Galilee.
4. [1] (a) The Israelis laid siege to Beirut.
5. [1] (a) There were many civilian casualties.
6. [1] (b) Jews had occupied their homes.
7. [1] (b) Israel would not allow the refugees to return.
8. [1] (b) The refugee crisis worsened as a result of the 1967 war.
9. [1] (b) Refugees fled from Sinai, Gaza, Jerusalem and the West Bank.
10. [1] (b) The Israeli government encouraged Jewish settlers to move into these areas.
11. [1] (b) In Gaza and the West Bank the Israeli government designated areas as 'state land'.
12. [1] (b) This tied Gaza and the West Bank permanently to Israel.
13. [5] (b) One reason the Palestinians could not return home was that Israel would not let them unless the Arab states agreed to allow Israel to keep the land captured in the 1948 war. Of course, the Arab states would not agree to this and so the Palestinian refugees had no option but to stay in the camps.
14. [1] (c) The Arab states viewed Palestinian refugees as a problem.
15. [1] (c) Jordan expelled the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO).
16. [1] (c) The PLO was forced out of Lebanon in 1982.
17. [1] (c) President Sadat of Egypt recognised Israel.
18. [1] (c) Palestinians felt they were let down by the Arab states in the Six-Day War.
19. [1] (c) The Arab states made no progress against Israel in the Yom Kippur War.
20. [5] (c) It is not surprising that some Arab states did not support the PLO. Jordan had been supportive of the PLO but, after the Dawson's Field hijacking, King Hussein of Jordan ordered his army to take control of the PLO bases in Jordan. King Hussein was worried that, by maintaining support for an organisation which had committed the hijacking, he would lose valuable allies. PLO offices in Jordan were shut down and their newspapers banned.
21. [5] (c) It is surprising that Arab states have not supported the PLO. When the West Bank was captured by the Israelis in 1967, 350 000 Palestinians fled. The Palestinians became refugees and yet some Arab countries would not support them even though they were Arabs too.
22. [10] (c) Explanation of both sides (Level 4, 7-9 marks) with evaluation of 'how surprising' (Level 5, 10 marks).