Even before the introduction of apartheid, the position of black South Africans deteriorated for many reasons.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) This act introduced segregated housing.
2. [1] (a) Towns and cities were divided into black and white areas.
3. [1] (a) It meant townships were built.
4. [1] (a) It meant towns were for white people only.
5. [1] (a) Black South Africans were only admitted to white areas to work.
6. [1] (b) The 1913 Natives Land Act prevented black people from owning land.
7. [1] (b) Black people could only own land in the native reserves.
8. [1] (b) The 1913 Natives Land Act prevented black people from practising sharecropping.
9. [1] (b) The 1913 Act forced black people to seek work on white-owned farms.
10. [1] (b) Black people could only occupy white-owned land if they worked for the farmer.
11. [1] (b) Black people became cheap labour on large farms run by white people.
12. [5] (b) Many black South Africans were forced out of farming because of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Under the act, only 7% of South African land was allocated to black farmers. This prevented them from practising sharecropping and they were thrown off the land.
13. [1] (c) Malan's Party appealed to many white voters.
14. [1] (c) The changes brought about by the war were not welcomed by many white people.
15. [1] (c) Malan had the support of the press.
16. [1] (c) He won over the workers in the industrial heart of South Africa.
17. [1] (c) Malan formed an alliance with the Afrikaner Party.
18. [1] (c) The first past the post system gave Malan the majority.
19. [5] (c) The Second World War caused changes which were partly responsible for the National Party winning the election in 1948. The war led to industrial expansion and the need for black workers who moved to the towns. They began to outnumber white people. The United Party government responded by relaxing some laws and regulations. Many white South Africans and Afrikaners saw these changes as a threat and voted for the National Party.
20. [5] (c) The voting system was partly responsible for the Nationalist victory. The National Party and the Afrikaner Party won 79 seats in the House of Assembly against a combined total of 74 won by the United Party and the Labour Party. Due to the 'first past the post' system, the National Party had won more seats, even though the United Party had received 11% more votes.
21. [10] (c) Explanation of both sides (Level 4, 7-9 marks) with evaluation of 'how far' (Level 5, 10 marks).