The war had a great impact on civilians.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) It was enacted in 1914.
2. [1] (a) It allowed the government to make any regulations considered necessary for the safety of the country.
3. [1] (a) It meant the government had control of all docks and railways.
4. [1] (a) The coal mines were nationalised to support the war effort.
5. [1] (a) Strikes were declared illegal in vital industries such as mining.
6. [1] (a) Miners, farmers and machine-tool operators were not allowed to join the army because their skills were needed for the war effort.
7. [1] (a) Under DORA the government could take over land and turn it into farm production.
8. [1] (a) Censorship of the press was brought in.
9. [1] (a) Only good news was published to keep up civilian morale.
10. [1] (b) The convoy system was introduced in June 1916.
11. [1] (b) It stopped British ships being sunk by German U-boats.
12. [1] (b) It proved successful because in over a year only 150 ships were sunk out of 17 000 crossing the Atlantic.
13. [1] (b) Britain increased the area of land it used for farming.
14. [1] (b) Rationing was introduced to help manage supplies of foods such as sugar and meat.
15. [5] (b) One factor which prevented Britain from starving was the convoy system. This was introduced in June 1916 to stop British merchant ships being sunk by German U-boats. Most of Britain's food supplies were transported by sea. The convoy system proved successful because in over a year only 150 ships were sunk out of 17 000 crossing the Atlantic.
16. [1] (c) Women tackled many jobs they had not been involved in before.
17. [1] (c) The war meant higher wages for many working women.
18. [1] (c) Women worked in munitions factories.
19. [1] (c) Women lost relatives during the war.
20. [1] (c) Food shortages in Germany had a serious impact on women.
21. [1] (c) Many women died of influenza.
22. [5] (c) In some ways the war had a positive impact on women. For the first time they could work in traditional male occupations. Women could become police officers, railway staff, bus conductors, welders, plumbers, munition workers and farm labourers. In France, a third of all employees in armaments production were women. Jobs like these were better paid than their traditional occupations.
23. [5] (c) The war had a negative impact on many women who lost husbands, brothers and sons in the fighting. In Germany, women suffered from food shortages and many died as a result of influenza in 1918. Some of the jobs undertaken by women were dangerous, such as in the armaments industry where they worked with dangerous chemicals and could become ill as a result.
24. [10] (c) Explanation of both sides (Level 4, 7-9 marks) with evaluation of 'how far' (Level 5, 10 marks).