Differences between North and South were important causes of the American Civil War.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) The North was more industrialised than the South.
2. [1] (a) The North had 65% of the population and produced 90% of the manufactured output of the US.
3. [1] (a) The North had twice as much railway track as the South.
4. [1] (a) The economy in the South was based on plantations.
5. [1] (a) Slavery was used in the South to produce products like cotton and tobacco.
6. [1] (b) Because of the election of Lincoln.
7. [1] (b) They were afraid slavery would be completely abolished.
8. [1] (b) Lincoln was a Republican and some Republicans were abolitionist.
9. [1] (b) Lincoln was going to raise taxes which would damage the economy in the South.
10. [1] (b) They felt the Southern way of life was under threat.
11. [5] (b) Lincoln's victory in the presidential election caused some states to secede. His party was opposed to slavery and Southern states were afraid that he would stop the expansion of slavery and even encourage slave rebellions. Therefore, they seceded from the Union to protect their right to keep slaves.
12. [1] (c) The South was devastated by war.
13. [1] (c) It had to suffer harsh penalties.
14. [1] (c) It was affected by carpetbaggers.
15. [1] (c) Many people had been killed.
16. [1] (c) It was not a disaster because Johnson offered reconciliation.
17. [1] (c) The economy began to recover from 1867.
18. [5] (c) The Civil War had a disastrous impact on the South. Much of the South had been devastated by war including buildings, roads and railways. The economy had collapsed and inflation soared. The hard-line radical Republicans wanted to punish the South and they prevented their representatives from sitting in Congress. They passed the Basic Reconstruction Act which prevented Confederate leaders from standing for office.
19. [5] (c) However, Johnson tried to follow a policy of reconciliation to help bridge differences and the Southern states sent representatives to Washington. Although the economy was damaged by war, it recovered from 1867 onwards.
20. [10] (c) Explanation of both sides (Level 4, 7-9 marks) with evaluation of 'how far' (Level 5, 10 marks).