The Palestinians have faced many challenges.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] e.g. 'In 1964 Fatah joined other Palestinian groups to form the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO).'
2. [1-4] 'Fatah carried out an attack on Israel.'
3. [1-4] 'In 1965, Fatah carried out 39 attacks on Israeli targets.’
4. [1-4] 'Railways and Israeli villages were attacked.'
5. [1-4] 'Israeli water supplies were attacked in raids.'
6. [2-3] 'King Hussein feared Israeli reprisals for PLO attacks from Jordan.'
7. [2-3] 'He felt he was losing control of parts of Jordan to the PLO.'
8. [2-3] 'Hussein was concerned by the 1970 hijackings as it challenged his authority.'
9. [2-3] 'He feared foreign intervention because of the September 1970 hijackings.'
10. [4-5] e.g. 'Jordan withdrew support for the PLO because King Hussein wanted to regain control of his country. He felt that members of the PLO were acting as if they ruled much of Jordan rather than controlling just the refugee camps. They were often fully armed and set up roadblocks, even in Amman, the Jordanian capital.'
11. [2-3] 'In 1974, Arafat was invited to speak at the United Nations.'
12. [2-3] 'In 1977, the United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights was created.'
13. [2-3] 'In 1979, the USSR recognised the right of the Palestinians to have their own country.'
14. [2-3] ‘In 1987, the Intifada brought sympathy for the Palestinian cause from the Western world.'
15. [2-3] 'The PLO renounced terrorism and recognised Israel which brought support.'
16. [2-3] 'The rise of Hamas led to international condemnation.'
17. [2-3] 'They were marginalised by the US/Israeli/Egypt peace talks.'
18. [2-3] 'After 1982 neither Jordan nor the USA were prepared to support the PLO's plan for a homeland.'
19. [4-6] e.g. 'The PLO were successful in winning international support to some extent. In November 1974, Yasser Arafat spoke of the plight of the Palestinian people at the UN General Assembly. This was a huge diplomatic success for him. It meant that, for the first time, the Palestinians as a nation were recognised by the international community. When the PLO renounced terrorism and agreed to recognise Israel, this also won them support.'
20. [4-6] OR e.g. 'In some ways the PLO were not successful in winning international support. When Arafat opted for a diplomatic route in the 1980s, it lost him the support of Syria. In 1989, the USA granted Israel major non-NATO ally status and continued to support Israel financially and with weaponry for defence. The Palestinians viewed this as support for their enemies.'