Imperialism had mixed results for the colonised peoples.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] e.g. 'Faidherbe built a series of inland forts up the Senegal River.'
2. [1-4] 'He brought into subjection the country lying between the Senegal River and Gambia.'
3. [1-4] 'He improved the infrastructure such as roads, bridges, a railway line and a telegraph.'
4. [1-4] 'He provided fresh drinking water for the Senegalese.'
5. [1-4] 'He created a base for further French expansion in West Africa.'
6. [2-3] 'Leopold exploited the territory's resources, mainly rubber and ivory, as a private entrepreneur.'
7. [2-3] 'Leopold's Force Publique decimated many native villages.'
8. [2-3] 'Villagers were forced to gather rubber, often without pay.'
9. [2-3] 'The forced labour system led to the deaths of 20% of the population.'
10. [2-3] 'Many had hands amputated, meaning they found it difficult to work and look after their families.'
11. [4-5] e.g. 'The local people hated Leopold II's control because he was very cruel towards them and treated them in an inhumane way. Often villagers were forced to work for him in the rubber plantations without pay and many people died in the harsh conditions. They faced severe punishments, such as mutilation, if they did not produce enough and this often meant they were unable to work and care for their families.'
12. [2-3] 'Poverty still existed.'
13. [2-3] 'There was severe revenge inflicted by British soldiers.'
14. [2-3] 'British rule was handed to the Crown.'
15. [2-3] 'Infrastructure improved.'
16. [2-3] ‘There was more sensitivity towards religion.'
17. [4-6] e.g. 'The Indians did not benefit from the changes to British rule. To reassert their authority, the British soldiers crushed the Mutiny and inflicted unbelievable cruelty on the sepoys and their supporters. Authority was tightened by passing control to the Crown from the East India Company.’
18. [4-6] OR e.g. 'However, there were some benefits in the longer term. Considerable investment and organisation went into the country from Britain. Improved communications resulted in better roads and railways being built. An education system was introduced, and hospitals and universities opened.'