The Civil War brought changes to the United States.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] e.g. 'Carpetbaggers were unscrupulous politicians from the North who entered the southern states.'
2. [1-4] 'They had the backing of Union troops.'
3. [1-4] 'They took control of the state governments.'
4. [1-4] 'They set up state governments which were often corrupt.'
5. [1-4] 'Scalawags were white Southerners who supported Reconstruction policies.'
6. [1-4] 'They supported the Republicans.'
7. [2-3] 'Johnson wanted to reduce the power of the Freedmen's Bureau.'
8. [2-3] 'Johnson did not support the Military Reconstruction Act.'
9. [2-3] 'Johnson wanted it to be easy for the Southern States to return to the Union.'
10. [2-3] 'Johnson issued thousands of pardons to ex-Confederate soldiers.'
11. [2-3] 'He ordered lands should be restored which meant freedmen were evicted.'
12. [4-5] e.g. 'One reason Johnson's plans for Reconstruction were opposed was that he tried to prevent Congress from increasing the powers of the Freedmen's Bureau. The Bureau had been important in providing basic welfare provision to ex-slaves. When Johnson vetoed the extension, Republicans were horrified and joined forces to introduce a Civil Rights Act.'
13. [2-3] 'Many black Americans could only work as paid labourers or sharecroppers.'
14. [2-3] 'The Ku Klux Klan intimidated ex-slaves.'
15. [2-3] 'The Black Codes were introduced which prevented improvements.'
16. [2-3] 'Many fought in the Civil War and moved north where there were more opportunities.'
17. [2-3] 'Education for black Americans became a reality.'
18. [2-3] 'Large numbers of black Americans were elected to the state legislature.'
19. [4-6] e.g. 'The position of black Americans did not improve as attitudes towards them did not change. Much of Southern white society still believed white people were superior. The Ku Klux Klan was a continuation of this attitude; they would not accept black Americans as equal citizens. The Klan intimidated, beat and lynched black Americans.'
20. [4-6] OR e.g. 'The lives of black Americans did improve because they now had their freedom – the most important benefit of all. They were able to live with their families and make decisions about their lives. In the South, after the war ended, they were supported by the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, which set up schools and supplied work, clothes and food.'