Individuals were important in the outcomes of the 1848 revolutions.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] e.g. 'Frederick William IV quickly mobilised the army to suppress the revolution.'
2. [1-4] 'He issued a proclamation blaming foreigners for the uprising.'
3. [1-4] 'He allowed an election to take place to elect a parliament.'
4. [1-4] 'He dissolved the Assembly.'
5. [1-4] 'He refused the Frankfurt Parliament's offer of the German crown.'
6. [2-3] 'Pius IX was not a liberal.'
7. [2-3] 'Pius IX did not consider himself as the leader of a new Italy.'
8. [2-3] 'Pius would not fight another Catholic power.'
9. [2-3] 'He saw Charles Albert as the aggressor.'
10. [4-5] e.g. 'Pope Pius IX turned against the revolutions in Italy because he did not want to engage in aggression against another Catholic country, Austria. The Pope was not as liberal as many wanted to believe. His Allocution infuriated many nationalists who believed he would lead Italy. Pius IX feared that war with Austria would lead to a religious divide between the Church in Austria and that of Rome. He recalled his troops from the front, a decision which caused the revolutionary movement to falter.'
11. [2-3] 'A new socialist and republican provisional government was formed.'
12. [2-3] 'The vote was given to all men aged 21 and over.'
13. [2-3] 'The number of voters increased to well over 8 million.'
14. [2-3] 'National Workshops were created to give jobs to the unemployed.'
15. [2-3] 'The Second French Republic only lasted till 1852.'
16. [2-3] 'The National Workshops were only based in Paris.'
17. [2-3] 'Some people objected to paying taxes to fund the National Workshops.'
18. [2-3] ‘There were new uprisings when the National Workshops closed down.'
19. [4-6] e.g. ‘The 1848 revolution in France was a success, as improvements were made for ordinary people by the new socialist and republican provisional government. All men aged 21 and over were given the vote and the unemployed were helped by the setting up of National Workshops in Paris, providing work for the unemployed. Life improved for some as a result of the revolution.'
20. [4-6] OR e.g. 'The 1848 revolution in France was not a success, as not everyone was happy with the actions of the new provisional government. Small farmers and peasants were unhappy that they had to pay taxes to fund the National Workshops when they received no benefit at all from the scheme.'