The South African government introduced radical measures to maintain apartheid.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] 15 000 school students took part in a protest march.
2. [1] The march was protesting against the introduction of teaching in Afrikaans.
3. [1] Steve Biko was an important inspiration for the march.
4. [1] Many of the protesters were school children.
5. [1] Police blocked the way of the marchers.
6. [1] A thirteen-year-old boy was killed by police gun fire.
7. [1] The police used tear gas to try to disperse the marchers.
8. [1] Over 500 people were killed and over 130 of those were under the age of eighteen.
9. [1] The policy reinforced the Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959.
10. [1] Citizens of Homelands lost their South African citizenship.
11. [1] The government did not provide schools.
12. [1] The areas were overcrowded and there was little sanitation, so disease spread easily.
13. [1] It was difficult for the occupants to get work.
14. [1] Black people were forced to live in the Homelands.
15. [4-5] One of the main ways it made life worse was that the South African government did not have to provide schools, hospitals and homes. This meant the people living in the Homelands had very few facilities, living conditions were poor and the few schools were overcrowded and very poorly resourced.
16. [1] BOSS was established in 1969.
17. [1] Terrorism laws were tightened in 1967.
18. [1] There was strict censorship of literature about the anti-apartheid movement.
19. [1] TV and radio programmes published government propaganda.
20. [1] Suspects could be detained without charge for 12 months which was renewable.
21. [1] The armed forces were expanded.
22. [1] It was difficult to oppose the government because of the secret police.
23. [7-9] Increased security measures were key to maintaining apartheid in the short term. In 1967, terrorism laws were strengthened. The definition of terrorism was altered to cover some of the activities of the ANC, such as giving military training, and these became capital offences. The government also increased secret service operations against anti-apartheid groups. BOSS (the Bureau of State Security) was established in 1969 and reported directly to the Prime Minister, operating in secret. This made open opposition to apartheid policies dangerous.
24. [7-9] Censorship also meant anti-apartheid activity became more difficult. In 1976, the SABC gained a monopoly over the radio and television in South Africa and only broadcast official government propaganda. Any attempt to report news about the ANC or other anti-apartheid organisations was banned and over 1200 publications were banned in 1977 alone. This meant that white South Africans and Afrikaners were given a false impression of South Africa and how its people lived.