The United Nations (UN) faced many challenges in its role in the Middle East.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] The UN tried to keep the peace between Lebanon and Israel.
2. [1] UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) was established in 1978.
3. [1] It was created to supervise the withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon.
4. [1] It gave humanitarian aid to the population in Lebanon.
5. [1] The UN was unable to prevent the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982.
6. [1] The UN stayed in Lebanon after the invasion in 1982 to protect the people.
7. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
8. [5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason (e.g. There was an increase in tension between the Israelis and Palestinians and this led to more militant behaviour. For instance, in December 1987, an Israeli army vehicle in Gaza crashed into a lorry killing four Palestinians. It was rumoured that it was deliberate because an Israeli had been killed two days before. At the funerals, a youth was shot by an Israeli soldier. Barricades went up and Palestinians stoned Israeli army patrols.)
9. [1] There were reprisals between Israelis and Palestinians.
10. [1] In December 1987, an Israeli army vehicle in Gaza crashed into a lorry killing four Palestinians.
11. [1] It was rumoured that four Palestinians had been deliberately killed because an Israeli had been killed two days before.
12. [1] Palestinians stoned Israeli army patrols.
13. [1] Israelis dealt with demonstrations harshly. They rounded up suspects and jailed them without trial.
14. [1] The Israeli army confiscated land and declared it to be Jewish property. This land was often allocated for building Jewish settlements.
15. [1] By 1987, there were over 80 000 Israelis living in settlements around Jerusalem and another 20 000 living in parts of the West Bank and Gaza.
16. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)
17. [9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
18. [6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides (More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.)
19. [3] I agree that the role of the UN was reduced as time went on. By the early 1990s there was increasing American intervention in the Middle East. For instance, the invasion of Iraq in 1991 showed the United States intervening directly in Middle Eastern affairs. Individual US statesmen relying on their own lines of communication, such as Kissinger, Carter or Clinton, had eliminated the UN's peace-making role.
20. [3] The UN had some success in limiting tension and fighting in the Middle East. For instance, UNEF kept the peace between the Israelis and Egypt from 1956 until 1967. UNIFIL could not stop Israel invading Lebanon in 1982, but they provided important protection and humanitarian aid for the Lebanese people.
21. [3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes (One mark for each point)
22. [1] Neither Syria nor Israel wanted to keep the peace despite the UN buffer zone.
23. [1] UNEF kept the peace between Israel and Egypt for almost 10 years.
24. [1] Egypt ordered UN forces to leave Egypt in the run up to the Six Day War.
25. [1] Israel ignored the UN's declaration of Israel's occupation of eastern Jerusalem to be illegal.
26. [1] Israel had not followed UN Resolution 242 to leave the Occupied Territories.
27. [1] The intervention of the United States in the Middle East limited the influence of the UN.