External involvement in the Middle East has had important consequences.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] He was an Israeli military leader.
2. [1] He drew up a plan for a pre-emptive strike against the Arab States.
3. [1] The Israeli government approved this plan.
4. [1] He was brought into the Israeli Cabinet in the build-up to the war.
5. [1] He planned to destroy the opponents' air forces on the ground.
6. [1] He was important in ordering an attack on the Golan Heights.
7. [1] He realised that speed was the most important factor in the attack.
8. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
9. [5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason (e.g. One of the reasons the Soviet Union became involved in the Middle East was to support Nasser. The Americans refused to supply arms to Egypt and in 1955, Nasser bought arms from Czechoslovakia, which was an ally of the Soviet Union. In July 1956, the United States and Britain decided to cancel their loans to Egypt for building the Aswan Dam. The Soviets exploited this opportunity for closer ties with Egypt and loaned the money for the dam.)
10. [1] Egypt became anti-Western because of the Suez Crisis.
11. [1] The United States refused to supply weapons to Egypt.
12. [1] The Soviet Union loaned Egypt the money to build the Aswan Dam.
13. [1] Egypt bought arms from Czechoslovakia, a Soviet ally.
14. [1] The Soviet Union gave Egypt support during the Suez Crisis.
15. [1] The Soviet Union was keen to deflect international attention from the Hungarian uprising.
16. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)
17. [9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
18. [6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides (More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.)
19. [3] Egypt gained status from the Suez Crisis. The Egyptian leader, Nasser, was treated as a great hero by the Arab world for standing up to the British and French, who had dominated the Middle East for so long. He now had complete control over the Canal and even had US aid to clear it so the Canal reopened in April 1957.
20. [3] Israel made some gains from the Suez Crisis. The speed of their victory over Egyptian forces in Gaza and Sinai proved that the Israeli Defence Forces were still the strongest in the Middle East. The crisis also strengthened their relationship with the United States.
21. [3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes (One mark for each point)
22. [1] Nasser became the hero of the Arab world.
23. [1] Egypt had complete control of the Suez Canal.
24. [1] Egypt had a large quantity of British military stores.
25. [1] Nasser could claim that Egypt was only defeated by Israel with British and French help.
26. [1] The Israeli forces proved to be the strongest in the Middle East.
27. [1] Relations between the US and Israel were strengthened.