The 1990s brought the end of apartheid in South Africa.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] He wanted reconciliation.
2. [1] He wanted South Africa to become a 'rainbow' nation by bringing together the previously hostile races.
3. [1] He wanted to end the tension between the ANC and Inkatha.
4. [1] He wanted black majority rule.
5. [1] He wanted a fair government for all South Africans.
6. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
7. [5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason (e.g. Non-white South Africans were disappointed by the changes made. Although black and Asian South Africans were given some limited representation, the white South Africans remained in the majority. Black South Africans, around 75% of the population, were not represented. They were given the right to vote in local elections but no say in national politics. This did not improve the relationship with the government.)
8. [1] A new South African Parliament was established but races were not represented equally.
9. [1] The changes were viewed as an attempt to look like power sharing without really changing anything meaningful.
10. [1] The House of Assembly had white members and was voted for by white South Africans.
11. [1] Although Asians and black South Africans were represented, they did not register to vote.
12. [1] Black South Africans were only allowed to vote in local elections.
13. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)
14. [9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
15. [6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides (More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.)
16. [3] Many white South Africans were in favour of de Klerk's policies. They were worried about their economic future and could see that sanctions would ruin South Africa. Foreign companies refused to invest in South Africa and the value of the currency fell dramatically. This meant wages were falling and unemployment was rising. It became clear to many people that the current situation could not be allowed to continue.
17. [3] The Conservative Party did not support de Klerk and wanted a return to full apartheid. There were extreme individuals such as Eugene Terre Blanche, who was the leader of the Afrikaner Resistance Movement, who wanted to break away from the existing South Africa and form an independent Boer-Afrikaner republic. Members could not accept that, in the eyes of the law, white and black would be equal.
18. [3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes (One mark for each point)
19. [1] There was increasing white opposition to apartheid.
20. [1] Many officials were attacked and often murdered.
21. [1] Economic sanctions were biting.
22. [1] There was disinvestment.
23. [1] There was no international sport.
24. [1] Pope John Paul II became involved.
25. [1] Church groups were speaking out against apartheid.
26. [1] Afrikaner nationalists still believed in their superiority.
27. [1] They had a desire for an independent Boer-Afrikaner republic.
28. [1] The Conservative Party wanted full apartheid.