Britain expanded its empire in the nineteenth century.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Lugard believed in a system called indirect rule.
2. [1] Day to day government was left to the traditional rulers.
3. [1] Rulers were given protection by Britain.
4. [1] British advisors helped the rulers to govern.
5. [1] Britain took control of external affairs, taxation and communications.
6. [1] It was a cheaper system than direct rule.
7. [1] It did not annoy the 'locals' as much as direct rule.
8. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
9. [5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason (e.g. Britain was interested in China because China produced goods which were in high demand in Europe. Silk, porcelain and tea were expensive, and traders knew if they could trade in these goods, they would become rich.)
10. [1] Britain wanted trade with China.
11. [1] The Chinese would buy opium from British traders.
12. [1] There was a demand for Chinese goods in Europe.
13. [1] These goods were expensive.
14. [1] China produced rare products such as porcelain, silk and tea.
15. [1] British merchants knew they could become rich trading in these goods.
16. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)
17. [9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides (A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7. Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.)
18. [6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides (More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.)
19. [3] Natural disasters played an important part in the outbreak of the Boxer Rising. These included the flooding of the Yellow River in 1898 followed by the drought of 1900. Many of the Boxers were peasants from Shandong province, which had been struck by flooding and then famine. In the 1890s, China had given territorial and commercial concessions in this area to several European nations, and the Boxers blamed their poor standard of living on foreigners.
20. [3] One reason for the outbreak of the Boxer Rising was the attitude of the Western powers towards China. Following the Opium War (1839–1842) China was forced to grant commercial concessions to Britain, opening China to foreign trade. Industries and commerce in China were destroyed by the inflow of cheap foreign goods and many Chinese became addicted to opium.
21. [3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes (One mark for each point)
22. [1] Natural disasters fuelled anti-foreign feelings.
23. [1] They included the Yellow River flood in 1898 followed by the drought of 1900.
24. [1] After the Opium War (1839–1842) China was made to grant commercial concessions to Britain, opening China to foreign trade.
25. [1] Industries and commerce in China were destroyed by the inflow of cheap foreign goods.
26. [1] The Western powers adopted a 'gunboat' policy against China, using force to get what they wanted.
27. [1] The Chinese viewed foreigners as barbarians and rebelled against them.
28. [1] The ruling Qing dynasty was weak and was exploited by the West.
29. [1] The rulers of China increased taxes.