The path to Italian unification was not smooth.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Nationalists saw him as a potential leader of a new Italy.
2. [1] His troops fought alongside Charles Albert's army.
3. [1] In April 1848, Pius issued the Allocution.
4. [1] Pope Pius IX stated that he did not support war against Austria and saw Charles Albert as an aggressor.
5. [1] Pius was branded a traitor.
6. [1] Pius fled to Gaeta in November 1848.
7. [1] Pius appealed to France, Austria, Spain and Naples to crush the Roman Republic and return him to Rome.
8. [1] Pope Pius IX is a reason for the failure of the revolution.
9. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
10. [5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason (e.g. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy. His kingdom consisted of all Italian states including Piedmont, Naples and Sicily. However, it did not include Venetia (which was controlled by Austria) and Rome (which was controlled by Napoleon III). The fact that foreign powers still controlled Italian territory meant it was not united.)
11. [1] Venetia and Rome were not part of the kingdom of Italy.
12. [1] Austria ruled Venetia.
13. [1] At Villafranca it was agreed that Venetia should remain Austrian.
14. [1] Napoleon III controlled Rome.
15. [1] The French Catholics had a powerful influence.
16. [1] Napoleon III had kept a garrison in Rome.
17. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)
18. [9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides (A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7. Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.)
19. [6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides (More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.)
20. [3] France was very important in the unification of Italy. Napoleon III was interested in liberating Italy and in 1858 he held a meeting with Cavour at Plombières. Napoleon made it clear he would get involved if Austria started a war. He was willing to sacrifice French soldiers to help achieve unification. At the battles of Magenta and Solferino, French troops suffered heavy losses fighting for Italian unification.
21. [3] Austria was key in events leading to the unification of Italy. Austria controlled much of the Italian peninsula and if it could be driven out with help from France, as engineered by Cavour, this would be an important step on the road to eventual unification. This meant that Austria made a mistake issuing an ultimatum to Piedmont-Sardinia threatening war if they failed to disarm.
22. [3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes (One mark for each point)
23. [1] Napoleon III was keen to humiliate Austria.
24. [1] The French defeat of Austria inspired the Italian provinces.
25. [1] Napoleon III made a secret agreement in 1858 with Cavour.
26. [1] Napoleon fought two major battles.
27. [1] Napoleon committed French blood to unification.
28. [1] The defeat of Austria helped pave the way to liberation and eventual unification.