By the 1980s it was clear that apartheid was under pressure.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. A new South African Parliament was established.
3. It consisted of three chambers.
4. The House of Assembly had white members and was voted for by white South Africans'.
5. Asian and non-white groups were represented.
6. A State President was elected.
7. Black South African were only allowed to vote in local elections.
8. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
9. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
10. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
11. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
12. e.g. 'Trade unions were reformed during the 1970s. This led to increased opposition because black trade unions were recognised and were given the right to strike. The number of days lost to strikes increased dramatically.'
13. e.g. 'Trade unions were reformed'
14. 'Black trade unions were legalised.'
15. 'Workers had the right to strike.'
16. 'Workers had the right to industrial tribunals.'
17. 'The unions became increasingly militant.'
18. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
19. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
20. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5-6 marks
21. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
22. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
23. e.g. 'The poor state of the economy was influential in bringing white minority rule to an end. In 1986 the American Congress voted to ban imports of iron, steel, coal, textiles and uranium from South Africa, while the European Community banned imports of South African iron, steel, gold and coins. These sanctions led to a large increase in white unemployment in South Africa and economic growth suffered. This could not continue without South Africa suffering disastrous effects.'
24. OR e.g. 'De Klerk abandoned white minority rule because of the problem of internal unrest. The government had lost control of the townships and the violent behaviour of the police in trying to control the violence only made the situation more volatile.'
25. e.g. 'Sanctions damaged South Africa's economy.'
26. 'In 1986 the American Congress voted to stop American loans to South Africa.'
27. 'There was increased violence in the townships.'
28. 'The end of the Cold War meant the South African government became even more isolated.'