The Second World War brought change to South Africa.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. South African industry was helped by the Second World War.
3. Non-white workers were employed in industry.
4. Manufacturing had become more important than mining for the economy.
5. Factories were mechanised so unskilled workers could be employed.
6. The war meant there was no supply of consumer goods from overseas.
7. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
8. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
9. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
10. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
11. e.g. 'There was a gap because the benefits of economic development were not shared equally. Employers benefited from the extremely low wages they paid non-white employees. White people became as prosperous as the professional and business classes of Europe and North America, enjoying one of the highest standards of living in the world at the expense of their non-white workers.'
12. e.g. 'Low wages could be paid to non-white employees.'
13. 'The non-white population received a basic education.'
14. 'Most white people had a high standard of living.'
15. 'It meant white people had excellent public services.'
16. 'The average non-white person earned a tenth of the average white person.'
17. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
18. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
19. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5-6 marks
20. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
21. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
22. e.g. 'The war produced opportunities because more non-white males worked in industry. More non-white South Africans moved to the towns where their jobs were and began to outnumber the whites. Wages were much better in the towns than in the countryside and the Pass Laws were relaxed. Things seemed to be changing for the better when the Declaration for the United Nations was drawn up.'
23. OR e.g. 'There were some opportunities but these did not last. Non-white workers were paid much less than white people and their earnings were still hardly enough to live on. A miner's strike which involved 73 000 mine workers were dealt with very harshly by the government and this showed that attitudes towards non-white workers had not changed.'
24. e.g. 'Non-white people were in demand for labour.'
25. 'Workers argued for better pay and conditions.'
26. 'The number of unions representing non-white workers increased.'
27. 'Some of the segregation laws had been relaxed.'
28. 'Jan Smuts supported the ideas in the United Nations Charter.'