The 1848 revolutions eventually failed.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2025). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] They were passed by the Hungarian Diet.
2. [1] They were presented to the Diet by Kossuth.
3. [1] They provided a viceroy in Budapest to use the emperor's powers without being answerable to Vienna.
4. [1] Hungary to control its own national guard.
5. [1] Hungary to control its foreign policy.
6. [1] Nobles' exemption from taxation to be abolished.
7. [1] Feudalism to be ended.
8. [1] They were designed to preserve the gentry's power.
9. [1] They were designed to create an independent Magyar state.
10. [1] The vote was based on a property qualification.
11. [6] Level 4: Explains two reasons.
12. [4-5] Level 3: Explains one reason.
13. [5] Charles Albert was important because he led his forces against Austrian rule in the First Italian War of Independence. This was important because it was the first time Piedmont had tried to lead the struggle against Austrian rule.
14. [2-3] Level 2: Identifies or describes valid reason(s); addresses the question but does not explain.
15. [1] He granted a constitution in 1848.
16. [1] He led his army against the Austrians.
17. [1] He was defeated in 1849 and abdicated.
18. [1] He supported the idea of a federal Italy led by the Pope.
19. [1] Level 1: Writes about the topic but does not address the question.
20. [1] He was important because he provided a lot of leadership and was a good king.
21. [10] Level 5: Explains both sides and supports a valid judgement on 'how far'.
22. [10] On the whole, although there were similarities, there was a fundamental difference. In Prussia Frederick William gave in to demands and won the support of the people. This explains why he was able to survive. In France Louis Philippe opposed the reform movement and this led to further trouble and his abdication.
23. [7-9] Level 4: Explains both sides.
24. [4-6] Level 3: Explains one side.
25. [6] They were very similar because they were both defeated after a reaction set in. In France the uprisings of the June Days led to a reaction. General Cavaignac led the National Guard to put down the risings and thousands were killed, arrested or deported. In Prussia Frederick William at first gave in to the demands of the rebels, but by the end of 1848 there was a reaction and Frederick William gained power again. He introduced a new constitution which kept his power and later rejected the offer of the crown of Germany.
26. [6] OR They had quite a few differences. The revolution in France was about liberal ideas and political reforms. It led to the fall of the monarch and there were demands for liberal reforms. The National Workshops were set up to support the unemployed. In Prussia the revolutions were more to do with nationalism and achieving a unified Germany. This can be seen by the formation of the Frankfurt Parliament which worked to form a unified Germany.
27. [2-3] Level 2: Identifies or describes valid points; addresses the question but does not explain.
28. [1] In France the monarch abdicated; in Prussia he did not.
29. [1] In France a republic was declared; this did not happen in Prussia.
30. [1] In Prussia nationalism was a cause but in France it was more about political reform.
31. [1] In France a new emperor emerged but in Prussia Frederick William survived.
32. [1] In both there was a reaction and the revolution was defeated.
33. [1] Both were partly caused by economic problems.
34. [1] In both there were demands for the vote.
35. [1] In both there were demands for constitutional reform.
36. [1] Level 1: Writes about the topic but does not address the question.
37. [1] They were similar because they led to lots of changes in both countries.