There was much tension in the early years of the Cold War.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] There were two rival groups, monarchists and communists.
2. [1] The monarchists were supported by the US and Britain.
3. [1] The communists were supported by the Soviet Union.
4. [1] There was civil war in Athens which the British put down.
5. [1] In 1946 there was an election.
6. [1] A plebiscite restored the King.
7. [1] There was a communist uprising.
8. [1] The British pulled out in February 1947.
9. [1] The US replaced the British.
10. [1] The Truman Doctrine was put into action.
11. [1] The communists set up a provisional government/people's republic.
12. [1] The US poured in massive amounts of military and economic aid.
13. [1] In 1949 the Greek army defeated the communists.
14. [6] (Level 4) Stalin was worried by the new currency because it was aimed at helping an economic recovery in the parts of Germany controlled by the Allies. Stalin feared a strong Germany and did not want it to recover. He was worried that if it recovered and became strong, it could threaten the Soviet Union again as it had done in the past, e.g. Operation Barbarossa in 1941.
15. [5] (Level 3) Stalin was worried by the new currency because it was aimed at helping an economic recovery in the parts of Germany controlled by the Allies. Stalin feared a strong Germany and did not want it to recover as it could threaten the Soviet Union again, reminiscent of Operation Barbarossa in 1941.
16. [1] (Level 2) The new currency was aimed at helping a German economic recovery.
17. [1] (Level 2) Within months of its introduction there were signs of recovery.
18. [1] (Level 2) Stalin did not want Germany to recover.
19. [1] (Level 2) Stalin feared a strong Germany.
20. [1] (Level 2) The West wanted to build a strong Western Germany as a barrier to the Soviet Union.
21. [1] (Level 2) The West wanted Germany to be strong to help their trade.
22. [1] (Level 2) Stalin did not want the western part of Germany to become more prosperous than the eastern zone.
23. [1] (Level 2) The new currency was a step towards uniting the western zones.
24. [1] (Level 2) Stalin thought it would make capitalism seem superior to communism.
25. [1] (Level 1) Stalin did not like the idea. He disagreed with the West over what to do with Germany. It was divided into four zones and Stalin was in control of one of them.
26. [10] (Level 5) The Truman Doctrine did threaten the Soviet Union but only in a limited way. It only contained communism and was not a threat to its existence. On the other hand, the Marshall Plan was offered to eastern European countries and Stalin was worried that if any of them accepted the US aid then this could put them under the economic control of the US and could undermine communism in these countries. It was a real threat to the communist bloc and the Soviet Union's control over it.
27. [6] (Level 3) The Truman Doctrine was more of a threat. Truman was worried about the spread of the Soviet Union's power in eastern Europe and by the spread of communism. He decided to stop it and the Truman Doctrine was designed to do this. It said that the US would defend countries threatened by communism. Truman was ready to intervene in countries and would do this by sending money, arms and supplies. American intervention in Greece was the first example of this policy in practice. The communists were defeated and the royalist government stayed in control. The policy was a threat because it contained communism and stopped it spreading further.
28. [6] (Level 3) The Marshall Plan was much more of a threat. It gave aid to countries to help their economies and let them recover. Enormous amounts of aid were sent from the US to Europe where the economies were ruined by the war and there was a lot of hardship. The idea behind it was that communism only became popular in countries where there were poverty and low living standards. It would not become popular and spread in countries that were recovering and where people were comfortable. This was a threat to the Soviet Union because it would stop communism spreading and might even undermine communism in eastern European countries.
29. [1] (Level 2) The Truman Doctrine was designed to stop Soviet control spreading.
30. [1] (Level 2) The Truman Doctrine meant the US would protect countries against communism.
31. [1] (Level 2) The Truman Doctrine worked in Greece/Turkey.
32. [1] (Level 2) The Truman Doctrine was designed to stop Soviet control spreading/containing communism.
33. [1] (Level 2) The Truman Doctrine enabled the sending of equipment to any country threatened by a communist takeover.
34. [1] (Level 2) Marshall Aid worried Stalin more than the Truman Doctrine because he saw it as an American plot.
35. [1] (Level 2) Marshall Aid was offered to eastern European countries.
36. [1] (Level 2) Marshall Aid could put eastern European countries under the economic control of the US.
37. [1] (Level 2) Stalin's view of Marshall Aid was that it was anti-communist.
38. [1] (Level 2) Stalin's view of Marshall Aid was that it would weaken his control of eastern Europe.
39. [1] (Level 2) Stalin banned eastern European countries from taking Marshall Aid.
40. [1] (Level 2) Stalin set up Comecon to give eastern Europe aid.
41. [1] (Level 1) Marshall Aid gave countries in Europe a lot of help after the Second World War. Countries like Britain and France benefited a lot. The Truman Doctrine was a similar idea – to give support to countries.