By 1993 there was enough agreement in South Africa to bring white minority rule to an end.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] It was founded in 1975 by Buthelezi.
2. [1] It was mainly a political party for Zulus.
3. [1] It was a rival to the ANC.
4. [1] In the early 1990s there was violence between Inkatha and the ANC.
5. [1] It campaigned for an independent and sovereign Zulu king.
6. [1] It took part in the 1994 elections and won most of the votes in KwaZulu-Natal.
7. [1] There were increased rents and electricity charges.
8. [1] There were school boycotts because of substandard educational provision.
9. [1] Outrage at Botha's constitutional reforms which excluded black South Africans.
10. [1] Reaction to the violence and murder by the security forces.
11. [1] Raids could be launched from Zimbabwe.
12. [1] Black South Africans had no way of expressing their opinions except through violence.
13. [4-5] Explanation: Botha's constitutional reforms excluded black South Africans, confirming the government's unwillingness for true democracy. This disappointment led black South Africans to resort to violence as their only path to change.
14. [1] De Klerk realised that fundamental reforms were necessary.
15. [1] De Klerk managed to keep most white South Africans on his side.
16. [1] De Klerk released Mandela and lifted the ban on the ANC.
17. [1] De Klerk was prepared to accept democracy and power sharing.
18. [1] Mandela managed to keep most black South Africans on his side.
19. [1] Mandela forgot any feelings of revenge and gave de Klerk concessions.
20. [1] Mandela managed to achieve what he wanted without the country descending into civil war.
21. [4-6] Argument for de Klerk doing more: As president, he initiated critical changes, including unbanning the ANC, releasing Mandela, and negotiating for democracy. His leadership secured white South African support and built trust with Mandela, making these reforms possible.
22. [4-6] Argument for Mandela doing more: Mandela, as the moral leader, steadfastly refused release until conditions were met, then skillfully led complex negotiations despite internal ANC divisions and challenges from figures like Buthelezi. His commitment to peaceful transition prevented civil war and led to democratic elections.