During the years 1966 to 1980 opposition to apartheid continued.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] (a) e.g. 'It gave weapons, training and military bases to groups fighting apartheid.'
2. '(a) It gave support to the ANC and PAC.'
3. '(a) It set up a Liberation Committee with headquarters in Tanzania which provided refugees from South Africa with education and military training.'
4. '(a) It convinced the United Nations to expel South Africa from bodies like the World Health Organisation.'
5. '(a) It persuaded African countries to close their harbours to South Africa and ban their planes from their air space.'
6. [4-5] (b) They were important because they hit the headlines around the world. Thousands of black school children in Soweto demonstrated against teaching in Afrikaans. The police shot and killed a student, and after the demonstrations spread across the country, they shot more students. This was so terrible that the news went round the world and shocked many people and governments. This damaged South Africa in the eyes of the world and alienated many countries.
7. [2-3] (b) e.g. 'They were important because they were an example of black consciousness.'
8. '(b) They were important because they involved school students.'
9. '(b) They involved students being shot dead by the police.'
10. '(b) The shootings led to an increase in the opposition to apartheid.'
11. '(b) It led to Africans leaving South Africa to be trained as guerrilla fighters.'
12. '(b) It led to a fall in gold and diamond shares as investors took fright.'
13. [4-6] (c) 'Making some Bantustans independent was not a success. Some were made independent in the 1970s but foreign countries refused to recognise them as independent countries. This was because South Africa continued to control their foreign policy and defence. Bantustans failed as black South Africans continued to live outside their homelands in squatter camps outside the cities and other illegal residences. By 1980 only just over half of those who should have lived in Bantustans actually did so.'
14. OR
15. '(c) Making some of the Bantustans independent was a clever idea. It showed the South African government as a progressive regime that was willing to give black South Africans the ability to govern themselves. Several, such as Bophuthatswana and Venda, took up the offer in the 1970s and became independent. It also meant that the South African government was no longer responsible for these areas, thus saving the government a lot of money.'
16. [2-3] (c) e.g. 'It allowed black South Africans to govern themselves.'
17. '(c) Several homelands, such as Venda and Ciskei, took up the opportunity.'
18. '(c) It saved the South African government a lot of money.'
19. '(c) Those that took up the offer were often corrupt dictatorships.'
20. '(c) Citizens of the newly independent areas lost their South African citizenship.'
21. '(c) It showed that the South African government was progressive.'
22. '(c) Foreign powers did not recognise these areas as independent countries.'
23. '(c) These areas became over-populated and full of poverty.'