O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/12 · Oct/Nov 2024 · Q225 Marks

Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a scatter graph showing the relationship between GNP per person and the percentage of the population living in urban areas.

(a)(i)What term is used to describe the increase in the percentage of population living in urban areas? Underline the correct answer from the following list. depopulation distribution migration urbanisation[1]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 2.1, put the following countries in rank order according to the percentage of their population living in urban areas. Germany Ghana Peru first largest second third smallest[2]
(a)(iii)Using Fig. 2.1, describe the relationship between GNP per person and the percentage of population living in urban areas. Refer to continents in your answer, but do not use statistics.[3]
(a)(iv)Give four different reasons why the percentage of the population living in urban areas in LEDCs is increasing.[4]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 2.2, a graph showing population growth in the city of Nairobi, Kenya (an LEDC in Africa), from 1900 to 2020. [Figure 2.2] Using evidence from Fig. 2.2 only, describe the changes in the rate of increase in the population of Nairobi between 1900 and 2020. Use statistics to support your answer.[3]
(b)(ii)In some LEDCs, the government is giving low-cost loans to farmers in rural areas. Is this type of strategy likely to be successful in slowing down the growth of population in cities like Nairobi? Justify your answer.[5]
(c)For a named urban area you have studied, explain how the authorities have attempted to improve the lives of people living in squatter settlements. Name of urban area[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a)(i) Urbanisation
[2] (a)(ii) Peru...Germany...Ghana; All 3 in correct order = 2 marks; 1/2 in correct order = 1 mark; 0 in correct order = 0 marks
[3] (a)(iii) Ideas such as: Positive relationship/higher the GNP per person the higher the percentage living in urban areas (reserve); Relationship is not perfect/not very strong/weak/there are many exceptions (reserve); Credit 1 mark max for illustration by reference to continents: E.g. 1 High percentage live in urban areas in countries with high GNP in Europe/Asia and low percentage live in urban areas in countries with low GNP in Africa/highest percentage live in urban areas in Asia and highest GNP is in Asia/lowest percentage live in urban areas in Africa and lowest GNP is in Africa etc.; E.g. 2 There are some countries with low GNP in Africa with a higher percentage living in urban areas than in some European countries with high GNP/some countries in different continents have the same percentage in urban areas but different GNP.
[4] (a)(iv) Ideas such as: Rural to urban migration: They can seek employment/earn money or example; Better education; More health care/doctors/hospitals etc.; Better/piped/greater/clean water supply; Better access to electricity; Better internet access/wifi/mobile phone networks; Better food supply; Bright lights/greater variety of shops or e.g./entertainment or e.g.; Specified natural disasters may affect rural areas; War/conflict/persecution in rural areas; Mechanisation of farming etc. NOTE Accept urban pulls or rural pushes but no double credit.
[3] (b)(i) Ideas such as: Stable/no change up to 1940/1950; Slow rate of increase from 1940/1950 to 1960/1962; More rapid increase/increasing rate of increase after 1960/1962; Very rapid after 1980/2000; Stable/slows down/no change in 2006/2008; Statistics to support any of above statements (1 mark MAX – reserved);
[5] (b)(ii) Ideas such as: Farmers will be able to afford fertilisers/machinery/more land/animals etc.; And invest in irrigation; To improve food supply/increase output; Improved quality of life/standard of living in rural areas; Some/they may not move to the urban areas/reduces rural to urban migration; Some/they may not want to get into debt/may not be able to pay back loans; May still have to move if farming is being mechanised; May still have to move if farmland is being lost to other land uses; There will still be more other jobs in the urban areas; Education/healthcare in the countryside will still be worse than in the cities; Lack of market for farm produce in rural area etc.
[7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe how the authorities have attempted to improve the lives of people living in squatter settlements. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain how the authorities have attempted to improve the lives of people living in squatter settlements. (NOTE Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain how the authorities have attempted to improve the lives of people living in squatter settlements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers should focus on housing and are likely to include reference to: Building new/low-cost housing/homes/flats Self-help schemes Site and services schemes Installing infrastructure (roads/electricity/piped water/sanitation) Development of new towns/satellite towns Service provision such as refuse collection/education/health care Specified relevant_job creation; Security improvements; Etc., Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details, Named parts of urban area Specific details of the improvement schemes etc.