O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/12 · Oct/Nov 2023 · Q225 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a photograph taken in Dhaka, Bangladesh (an LEDC in Asia).

(a)(i)What type of settlement is shown at X in Fig. 2.1? (Circle) one of the following. dispersed settlement rural settlement squatter settlement[1]
(a)(ii)Using evidence from Fig. 2.1, suggest two problems faced by people living in the settlement shown at X. 1 2[2]
(a)(iii)In many urban areas there are inequalities. Suggest reasons for the inequalities which may exist between the people living in settlements X and Y in Fig. 2.1.[3]
(a)(iv)Suggest two different types of pollution in the area shown in Fig. 2.1. For each type of pollution explain why it may occur. type of pollution 1 explanation type of pollution 2 explanation[4]
(b)Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the metro in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (a country in Southeast Asia).
(b)(i)Explain how a public transport system, such as the Kuala Lumpur Metro, reduces traffic congestion.[3]
(b)(ii)Describe other strategies which can be used to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas.[5]
(c)For a named urban area you have studied, explain why the population is increasing due to rural-urban migration. Name of urban area ..............................................................[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Squatter settlement
1 mark
[2] Ideas such as:
Lack of space/privacy/overcrowded houses/congested houses/settlement;
Flimsy building materials/materials easily destroyed in storm;
Mosquitoes/malaria/stagnant water/waterborne disease;
Land pollution/water pollution/rubbish/litter dumped close to homes/rats/vermin;
Lack of sanitation/hygiene/clean water supply;
Danger of flooding;
Etc.
2 @ 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as:
Many people in settlement X will be unemployed/differences in levels of employment;
People in settlement Y will earn high wages/more money/rich/differences in income;
People in settlement X will not be likely to have qualifications/be educated/differences in education levels;
Many people in settlement X may be migrants/X is only a temporary settlement;
People in settlement X may be discriminated against;
People in Y are likely to have access to water/food/energy (any named service or essential item)/differences in access to basic services or e.g;
Etc.
Note: comparison not required
3 @ 1 mark
[4] Ideas such as:
Water pollution; Sewage/wastewater/waste/trash/rubbish/industrial waste or e.g.(explanation).
Air pollution; Fumes from vehicles/smoke from fires/cooking (explanation).
Noise pollution; From vehicles/industries/large numbers of people (explanation).
Visual pollution; High rise buildings/squatter settlement (not X)/litter/waste/rubbish/trash.
Land/ground pollution; Litter/waste/rubbish/trash (explanation).
(2 marks for pollution type + 2 marks for explanation).
Note: If type of pollution is not credited cannot credit explanation.
2 @ 2 marks
[3] Ideas such as:
People use the metro rather than their cars/there will be fewer cars on the road/fewer people;
Metro carries large numbers of people;
Metro line is elevated/does not occupy road space/it is on its own track;
Fewer parking spaces will be needed/roads will not be blocked by parked cars;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark
[5] Ideas such as:
Bypass/ring road;
Wider roads/more lanes;
Underpasses for cars/pedestrians;
Flyover/overpasses/bridges for cars/pedestrians;
Congestion charges;
Number plate strategies;
Encourage cycling/cycle lanes/bike hire;
Carpooling;
Car sharing lanes;
Bus lanes;
Park and ride;
Reduce prices/free public transport or e.g;
Underground railways;
Extend routes/increase frequency of buses/trams/trains;
Staggered working hours;
More car parks;
Traffic lights/roundabout/traffic police;
One-way systems;
5 @ 1 mark or development
[7] Levels marking
Level 1 (1-3 marks): Statements including limited detail which explain why the population of an urban area is increasing rapidly due to rural urban migration.
Level 2 (4-6 marks): Uses named example. Developed statements which explain why the population of an urban area is increasing rapidly due to rural urban migration. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example. Can be LEDC or MEDC.)
Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain why the population of an urban area is increasing rapidly due to rural urban migration, with some place specific reference.
Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Employment; Health care; Education; Entertainment; Food supplies; Natural disasters; Specified services/amenities; Etc.
Note: Answer can refer to pulls or pushes but no double credit.
Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details, Names of areas within the urban area, Specific details/names of attractions etc.