O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/22 · Oct/Nov 2022 · Q38 Marks

Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which is a photograph which shows a rural settlement in Spain (an MEDC in Europe).

(a)Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which is a photograph which shows a rural settlement in Spain (an MEDC in Europe).
(a)(i)Describe the housing shown in Fig. 3.1.[2]
(a)(ii)Suggest reasons for the original site and growth of the settlement in Fig. 3.1.[3]
(b)Many rural areas in MEDCs, such as Spain, have a declining population. Suggest three different reasons for this.[3]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[2] Clustered/close together/dense/nucleated/crowded; Terraced/joined together/in rows; (Most are) two/three/multi storey; Large; Small windows/windows in roof/skylight; Sloping roofs; Red/brown/tiled roofs; Old(er)/traditional; Similar design.
[3] River/wet point for washing/fishing/transport/water (supply); Roads meet/crossroads/nodal point/route focus/road network for access/trade; Flat(ter) land/gentle(r) gradient/terraces for building/farming/construction; Grassland/pastures for (grazing) animals; Above valley floor to avoid flooding/dry point site; On valley sides/below slope for shelter (from winds); Trees for fuel/building; Space/unused/available land for expansion/building/farming/grazing animals.
[3] Low/declining BR/fewer children; Rural to urban migration/move to urban area/town/city; Lack of/low paying jobs/career/poverty/pull towards jobs/lack of money; Lack of/pull towards services/services close/or example (e.g., (food) shops/health care/education); Lack of/poor/pull towards transport services/electricity/internet/services/communications/sanitation/water supply; Poor roads/remote/long distance to nearby town/city; Decline in demand for labourers/mechanisation/consolidation of farms/exhaustion of soils; Lack of/pull towards high quality/affordable housing/low-cost housing; Lack of/pull towards bright lights/night life/entertainment.

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