(a) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows information about the population structures of Africa, Asia and Europe in 2018. [Figure 1.1] (b) Study Fig. 1.2, which is a population pyramid of Japan (an MEDC in Asia). [Figure 1.2]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] The way the population is divided up into/made up/composition of /proportion/percentages of different age groups/gender
2. [1] Completion of pie chart: Dividing line at 62;
3. [1] Shading
4. [1] Africa has more 0–24/young people;
5. [1] Asia has more 25–49/economically active;
6. [1] Asia has more 50+/older people.
7. [1] Good/better health care/more hospitals/doctors/nurses;
8. [1] Eradication/reduction/less diseases/vaccination/medicines/ treatments for appropriate examples of diseases;
9. [1] Good/better food supply/better nutrition/more balanced diet;
10. [1] Good/better/cleaner water supply;
11. [1] Good/better sanitation/hygiene/improved waste disposal;
12. [1] Education/awareness about hygiene/diet/health/disease etc.;
13. [1] Healthy lifestyle/exercise;
14. [1] Pensions/care homes etc.
15. [1] Even gender balance;
16. [1] Lots of/large proportion/percentage of old dependents/over 65;
17. [1] Few/small proportion/percentage of young dependents/0 to 19;
18. [1] OR more old (65+) dependents than young dependents (0–19)= 1 (alternative to lines 2 and 3);
19. [1] More economically (20–64) active than young dependents (0–19);
20. [1] Similar percentage in all economically active age groups/no marked decline in proportion as age increases;
21. [1] High birth rates/fertility rates/birth rate higher than death rate;
22. [1] Lack of availability of/ /access to/can`t afford contraception/family planning;
23. [1] Lack of education about contraception/family planning etc.;
24. [1] Religious intolerance of contraception/family planning;
25. [1] High infant mortality rate;
26. [1] Lack of pensions/need for children to look after elderly;
27. [1] People want children to send them out to work/work on farms;
28. [1] Need for children for household chores or e.g., look after siblings, collect firewood etc.;
29. [1] Carry on family name/sign of virility/keep having children until a boy is born etc.;
30. [1] Less women have careers/lack of education for girls/women;
31. [1] No emancipation of women;
32. [1] Early marriage;
33. [1] Abortions not available;
34. [1] Polygamy;
35. [1] High(er) death rates/shorter life expectancy etc.
36. Level 1 (1-3 marks): Statements including limited detail of the difficulties which result from having a large dependent population.
37. Level 2 (4-6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements of the difficulties which result from having a large dependent population.
38. Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference.
39. Content Guide (for 1c): Answers are likely to refer to: Burden on economically active (or the country)/higher dependency ratio/they do not make money; Food has to be provided for them; Pressure on working population; Tax increases are likely/they do not pay tax; Cost of providing pensions; Cost of services such as healthcare/more health care needs; Cost of social care/care homes/childcare; Lack of investment in education/services for young people; Lack of workforce/innovation; People cannot work as they are caring for them; Need to attract workers from abroad/problems caused by immigration; Difficulty of defending country etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the chosen country, Population data etc.