O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/12 · Oct/Nov 2020 · Q125 Marks

Study Fig. 1.1, which shows information about the Demographic Transition Model. Demographic Transition Model Content removed due to copyright restrictions. [Figure 1.1]

(a)(i)Identify the stage when population is growing most rapidly.[1]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 1.1 only, compare: the birth rates in Stage 2 and Stage 3 the death rates in Stage 1 and Stage 2[2]
(a)(iii)Using information from Fig. 1.1 only, explain why the rate of population growth changes as a country moves from Stage 1 to Stage 4.[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why birth rates are still high in many LEDCs.[4]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 1.2, which shows information about the population of 10 urban areas in Botswana (an LEDC in Africa) in 1991 and 2011. [Figure 1.2] Put the following urban areas in rank order according to their population growth between 1991 and 2011. Kanye Maun Mogoditshane Thamaga Tonota Highest population growth Lowest population growth[3]
(b)(ii)Describe the problems caused by rapid population growth in urban areas in LEDCs.[5]
(c)For a country or area you have studied which is sparsely populated, explain why there is a low population density. Name of country or area[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Stage 3
[2] Birth rate (it) is higher in Stage 2 than Stage 3/BR (it) is static in Stage 2 but falls in Stage 3/BR (it) decreases in Stage 3;
Death rate (it) is higher in Stage 1 than Stage 2/DR (it) decreases in Stage 2/death rate (it) fluctuates in Stage 1 and falls in stage 2.
Note: Credit comparative statistics however correct wording of 'per thousand' is needed.
2 @ 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as:
Due to changes in BR and DR/growth occurs when BR is higher than DR/decrease occurs when DR is higher than BR (1 MAX if no references to stages);
Stage 1 small changes in DR while BR remains the same/both DR and BR stay the same/high BR and DR;
Stage 2 BR stays same but DR falls/BR higher than DR;
Stage 3 BR falls but DR stays the same;
Stage 4 DR stays the same but small changes in BR/both DR and BR stay the same/low BR and DR
Note: Reference to links between BR and DR needed for credit - do not accept separate reference to BR and DR alone.
Do not accept reasons.
3 @ 1 mark
[4] Ideas such as;
Lack of /don't use/cannot afford contraception;
Lack of education about contraception/about problems of large families;
Children needed for work/to earn money/for farming;
needed to look after elderly/no pensions;
Children needed to do household chores or examples – fetching wood/water, cleaning house, looking after younger children;
Traditional views about large families/polygamy/families want a male child;
Religious/cultural views on contraception/abortion/family size;
High infant mortality/they have more babies so some will survive;
Early marriages/teenage pregnancy;
Lack of emancipation for women/women don't have careers/lack of education for women;
No access to abortion, etc.
Note: accept family planning/contraception as the same idea.
4 @ 1 mark
[3] Mogoditshane...Maun.....Kanye....Tonota.....Thamaga
All correct = 3 marks
3/4 correct = 2 marks
1/2 correct = 1 mark
3 marks
[5] Ideas such as:
Lack of housing/squatter settlements/homeless;
Unemployment/no work/low pay/exploitation;
Pressure on/lack of health care/hospitals etc;
Pressure on/lack of education/schools;
Inadequate (clean) water supply;
Power cuts/outages/not enough electricity;
Traffic congestion/lots of traffic;
Air pollution/water pollution;
Lack of food/famine;
Poverty;
Poor sanitation/hygiene/lack of toilets;
Specified crime;
People live close together spreading disease/so hard to control disease;
Lack of recreational areas
Specified impact on surrounding natural environment, e.g. deforestation, loss of habitat, etc. (MAX 1)
5@1 mark or development
Note: Accept ideas expressed as 'no...', 'lack of...' or 'pressure on...'
[7] Levels marking
Level 1 (1-3 marks): Statements including limited detail which explain why a country/area is sparsely populated.
Credit L1 for large area with few people (both elements are needed).
Inverted v for ‘it is rural', 'nobody lives there'
Level 2 (4-6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements which explain why a country/area is sparsely populated.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)
Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain why a country/area is sparsely populated including some place specific reference.
Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Relief, Climate, Access, Lack of resources, Lack of employment, Much land is used for agriculture/protected environments, etc.
Note: 1 Area chosen can be at any scale. If country is chosen the bulk of it needs to be sparsely populated (otherwise credit at Max 5). Acceptable examples include Australia, Canada, Egypt, Switzerland, Lesotho, etc. 2 Reference to birth controls, immigration/VISAs, war and natural disasters = 0
Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts/mountains/roads in the chosen country, Climatic data, Population data, etc.