O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/13 · Oct/Nov 2018 · Q225 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 2.1, which shows information about the world's population living in urban areas. [Figure 2.1]

(a)(i)Tick the one feature in the table which is typical of an urban area. [Table with options: Few sources of employment are available, Low population density, Large amounts of housing, shops and entertainment, Large areas of open space, Most land is used for farming][1]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 2.1, complete the table below by inserting the names of the following four countries. The countries should be arranged in rank order of the percentage of their total population living in urban areas. Brazil Ethiopia India South Africa [Table with 'Largest percentage living in urban areas' and 'Smallest percentage living in urban areas'][2]
(a)(iii)Compare the distribution of countries where the largest percentage (above 75%) and smallest percentage (below 25%) of their population live in urban areas.[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why a greater percentage of the population live in urban areas in MEDCs than in LEDCS.[4]
(b)Study Figs. 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 (Insert), which are photographs taken in an urban area in an LEDC.
(b)(i)Using evidence from Figs. 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 only, identify three pull factors attracting people to urban areas in LEDCs.[3]
(b)(ii)Describe the problems faced by migrants who have recently moved to urban areas in LEDCs.[5]
(c)For a named urban area you have studied in an LEDC, describe the strategies used to improve the living conditions of people in squatter settlements. Name of urban area ..............................................[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Large amounts of housing, shops and entertainments
[2] Brazil... South Africa...India...Ethiopia; All correct = 2 marks; 2 or 3 correct = 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as: Over 75%/most are in (North) America/Europe/Australasia/Oceania/N.Africa/Middle East; Max 2 here Many in temperate areas; Under 25% in Africa/Southern/SE Asia/the tropics/around equator; Max 2 here; 3 @ 1 mark
[4] Ideas such as: Urbanisation has been occurring for a longer period of time in MEDCs/urbanisation occurred a long time ago in MEDCs/migration from rural to urban areas already taken place; More industry/commerce/business has grown up in MEDCs; Much of agriculture in MEDCs is mechanised; MEDCs mainly industry; LEDCs mainly farming; Note: Do need comparison but do not double credit; 4 @ 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as: Education/schools; Health care/hospitals/clinics; Bright lights/entertainment; Shops/availability of goods; Work; Transport/roads; etc.; 3 @ 1 mark
[5] Ideas such as: Lack of employment; Low pay; Long hours/exploitation; Inadequate/not enough housing/people forced to live in squatter settlements/on the streets; Lack of open space; Poor/unhygienic water supplies; Lack of sanitation; Rapid spread of disease; Cannot afford food/homes/education/medical care; Breathing problems caused by air pollution; Traffic congestion; Noise; Culture clash/racism/discrimination; Friends/family left behind; Lack of electricity/outages/illegal/dangerous; Fire; etc.; 5 @ 1 mark or development
[7] Content Guide: Answers should focus on living conditions and are likely to include reference to: Building low cost housing; Self-help schemes; Site and services schemes; Installing infrastructure (roads/electricity/piped water/sanitation); Development of new towns/satellite towns; Service provision such as refuse collection etc., Police; Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details, Named parts of urban area; Specific details of the improvement schemes etc.; Statistics