Study Figs. 1.1 and 1.2, which show population pyramids for two areas in India (an LEDC). Bihar (Fig. 1.1) is a rural area. Delhi (Fig. 1.2) is an urban area. [Figure 1.1] [Figure 1.2] Study Fig. 1.3, which predicts how the number of people in different age groups in India will change between 2000 and 2100. [Figure 1.3]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] 6400-6500
2. [2] In Bihar there are more/greater percentage of young dependents/less young dependents in Delhi; In Bihar there are decreasing numbers from 0 to 14 but in Delhi there are increasing numbers from 0 to 14/0 to 4 is highest in Bihar but 10–14 is highest in Delhi/0 to 4 is lowest in Delhi but 10–14 is lowest in Bihar; Answer must be comparative. Assume answer is about Bihar unless otherwise stated. 2@1 mark
3. [3] Birth rate is high in Bihar: The base of the pyramid is wide; There are large numbers of young dependents/lots of babies/children/0–4 year olds; Note: Do not credit reference to 5–9/10–14 years Rural depopulation has taken place in Bihar: There is a (big) drop/less/not as wide in population of 15–29/15–19/20–24 /economically active/more young dependents than economically active There is gender imbalance in Delhi: There are more males/less females; 3 @ 1 mark
4. [4] Ideas such as: Lack of/no/cannot afford contraception/family planning; Not educated about birth control/do not know how to use contraceptives/not aware of impacts of large families; Abortions not available; High infant mortality rates; Have babies until a boy is born; Need children to send out to work/work on farms/for labour; Need children to work in house/collect firewood/water/to look after younger children; No pensions/children needed to look after elderly; Large families are traditional/culture/gift of god/prestige/evidence of virility; Religious opposition to contraception/family planning; Lack of education for women; Many women don't have careers; Early marriages/have children at a young age; Polygamy; Etc. 4 1 mark
5. [3] Ideas such as: dependency ratio will reduce/be less in 2050/higher proportion of dependents in 2000/reduced proportion of dependents in 2050; statistics as follows for MAX 1: Needs to have figures for 2000 and 2050. Figures could be either total number of dependents or both old & young dependents as separate figures for 1 plus economically active. 2000 | 2050 Old dependents | 50-60 m | 230-250 m Young dependents | 360-380 m | 320-340 m Total dependents | 410-440 m | 550-590 m Economically active | 640-660 m | 1130-1150 m 2000 Dependency Ratio = 62–63 but DR = 50 in 2050/lower by 12–13 in 2050 OR 2000 = 1:1.15 but 2050 = 1:2 Note: All answer lines must be comparative. 3 @ 1 mark
6. [5] Ideas such as in India there are: Decreasing death rates/increasing life expectancy; Improving health care/medical facilities/hospitals/clinics; More doctors/nurses; Vaccinations; Cures for diseases/medicines; Improvement in water supply/clean water; Improved food supply/better diet/less famine; Better hygiene/sanitation, etc. Setting up of care structure for old; e.g. old peoples' homes; Pension schemes being set up; Healthy lifestyle/more exercise; Education about diet/hygiene; Etc. Note: Comparison not needed. 5@1 mark or development
7. [7] Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe the problems caused by an increase in young/old dependents. Level 2 (4-6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe the problems caused by an increase in young/old dependents. Use of appropriate statistics = 1 × L2 (could also be credited as place specific) (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to ageing population but could refer to increasing percentage of young/old dependents. If ageing population is chosen answers are likely to include reference to: Dependency ratio Difficulties of providing pensions Cost of services such as healthcare Pressure on working population Lack of workforce/innovation Impacts of inward migration Difficulty of defending country, etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the chosen country, Population data, etc.