(a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about population growth in three countries. Country | Birth rate (per 1000) | Death rate (per 1000) | Natural population growth (per 1000) ---|---|---|--- Chile | 13.8 | 6.0 | 7.8 France | 12.4 | 9.2 | Hungary | 9.3 | 12.7 | -3.4 Fig. 1

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Growth/change/increase in population as a result of difference in number of births and deaths/births minus deaths/where birth rate is higher than death rate;
2. [1] 12.4 - 9.2 (per 1000)
3. [1] = 3.2 (per 1000)
4. [3] Ideas such as; birth rates/fertility rates are low/decreasing/death rate higher than birth rate; availability/affordability/use of contraception/family planning; contraception/family planning – education about it; modern attitudes to family size/people want small families/less children/expensive to have children; women/people have careers/are career orientated/focus on careers rather than families; emancipation of women; impact of secular society; low infant mortality rates; abortions available/legal; late(r) marriages/wait a long time to have children; same sex partners; outward migration/negative net migration;
5. [3] Ideas such as: Rates fall more rapidly in Bangladesh/fall less rapidly in Pakistan/Bangladesh has largest fall (entire period or any years); Rates fall evenly in Pakistan, steeply in Bangladesh at first but levels off; Rates are higher in Bangladesh up to 1990/1991/1992 and after that they become lower than Pakistan/rates lower in Pakistan; RESERVE 1 mark MAX for stats – both countries needed plus statistics for any two years which illustrate change (either 4 figures or two years with total change calculated) Note: per 1000 not needed. Example statistics, but note any two years showing change can be used: (per 1000) 1980 2015 Difference Bangladesh 130 34 -96 Pakistan 112 56 -56 Tolerance: ± 1
6. [4] Ideas such as: Poor health care/clinics/hospitals; Lack of doctors/nurses; Lack of vaccinations; Lack of medicines/cure for diseases; Lack of education about healthcare/sanitation/diet; Poor food supply/malnourishment/starvation/no food/famine/deficiency disease/crops fail; Water is not clean/water shortage/no water/drought; Waterborne diseases/cholera/typhoid/malaria; Sanitation/hygiene poor; HIV/Aids; War/conflict; Cultural neglect of girls;
7. [5] Ideas such as: People are likely to have many children/large families/want lots of children; As they think that many will not live long/hope some survive/to replace children who die/lots of babies die; They want children to help on the land/farming; They want children to help in the home/look after siblings; They want children to fetch water/collect wood; They want children to go out and earn money/to work/for labour; To look after them/take care of them in old age; As there are no pensions/state benefits for elderly (e.g. of development)
8. [1-3] Statements including limited detail which describe a population policy used to influence growth rate. e.g. One child Policy;
9. [4-6] More developed statements which describe how a population policy is used to influence growth rate NOT the impacts. Note: Credit different approaches within a policy, so for example, when marking a China One Child Policy answer, ideas will often cover the following: Incentives; Penalties; Exceptions; Enforcement; Note: Credit only 1 L2 mark for each of these four ideas above, although credit should also be given for other ideas such as developing the idea such as applying to have a child/increasing the age of marriage which do not fit the four ideas above. e.g. one child policy and free education L2; one child policy and use of fines if more than one child L2; one child policy and parents not penalized if they have twins or a child is disabled L2 one child policy and Granny police check if couples are conforming to law L2 Note: If another country is given generally apply the same principle, but other ideas in the Content Guide will be relevant e.g. gender equality acts or educating women etc. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)
10. [7] Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference which can be named parts of the chosen country, Population data, reference to a specific named policy/specific details about it etc. Content Guide: Answers can refer to anti-natal policy, pro-natal policy or migration programmes and could include ideas such as: e.g. China one child policy/limit number of babies/restrict number children make (free) contraceptives available examples of specific incentives (e.g. free education, free health care) examples of disincentives (e.g. if have a 2nd child e.g. fines, lose jobs reduce benefits for people having children e.g. reduced maternity leave/child benefit/child tax credits) forced sterilization free goods e.g. radios in India marriage regulations e.g. late marriage/seek permission Other ideas: educate people about contraception legalise abortion introduce pensions for elderly educate women to encourage them to take jobs or careers gender equality acts advertise the benefits of small families (The reverse ideas would apply to pro-natal policies) Note: Development should refer to the policy itself not reasons or explanations for it.