Study Fig. 1, which shows information about the population and area of four countries. Country Area (square kilometres) Population Population Density (per square kilometre) Chile 756 102 17 363 894 France 643 801 66 259 012 102.9 Mauritania 1 030 700 3 516 806 3.41 Mongolia 1 564 116 2 953 190 1.89 [Figure 1]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) The average number of people who live in a unit of area
2. [1] (ii) 17363894 divided by 756 102 (1 mark)
3. 22.9/22.965/22.97/23/23.0
4. [3] (iii) Ideas such as:
5. lack of water/low rainfall/dry/arid/no reliable water supply;
6. people cannot survive without water/suffer dehydration;
7. cannot grow crops/irrigate land/produce food/cannot graze animals easily;
8. too hot during the day and cold at night/intense heat/high temperatures makes it uncomfortable to live there;
9. remote/inaccessible/hard to get to;
10. lack of jobs/raw materials;
11. poor soils/only sand/infertile soil;
12. sand storms;
13. etc
14. [4] (iv) such as:
15. provides trade links/coastlines allow imports/exports of goods;
16. port development on coast;
17. industry develops at port/harbour/or example e.g. fishing/power stations;
18. landlocked countries are not as easily accessible/ferries/transport routes to other countries;
19. climate may be moderated by ocean/more extreme inland/it is cooler/wetter on the coast;
20. tourism/beaches for tourists;
21. need for landlocked countries to travel through neighbouring countries to get to coast/if on coast do not have to pass through other countries;
22. etc
23. [3] (b) (i) Ideas such as:
24. uneven distribution;
25. located on coast;
26. around estuaries/bays/Fjords;
27. major area in South West;
28. in North and West;
29. etc
30. [5] (ii) Ideas such as:
31. close to Arctic Circle;
32. long winters/short summers;
33. cold weather/snow/ice;
34. hard to grow crops;
35. bare rock/thin soils/large boulders;
36. mountains/hills/high/steep/rugged/not flat land/ravine/steep valleys;
37. isolation/remoteness;
38. difficult to build good roads/difficult to travel/lack of transportation/poor communications;
39. volcanic activity/volcano/geysers;
40. forested;
41. etc
42. [7] (c) Levels marking
43. Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain why people are migrating to urban area.
44. Level 2 (4-6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain why people are migrating to urban area. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)
45. Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference.
46. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: employment; health care; education; `bright lights`/entertainment; sanitation; water supplies; utilities/electricity; food supplies etc. Whilst the focus is on the urban areas candidates could explain by references to what is driving them there – i.e. rural pushes – but no double credit. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the chosen urban area/locational detail, Population data etc. Can be LEDC or MEDC