Study Fig. 1, which shows information about the percentage of the GDP of selected African countries earned from remittances (money sent home by international migrants) in 2010. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is a measure of wealth. [Figure 1.1]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a)(i) Person who moves from one country to another/moves into another country; N.B.: must convey movement idea to another country.
2. [2] (a)(ii) Lesotho; Nigeria; 2 @ 1 mark
3. [3] (a)(iii) Ideas such as they can: • support family/escape poverty/higher standard of living/better quality of life/provide basic needs/buy luxuries or examples; • buy food/be better nourished/eat better diets; • build clinics/pay for health care (or example – vaccinations for children); • send children to school/build a school; • pay for improvements to their farms (or example – fertilizer, machines)/buy more land; • improve water supply/dig wells/sanitation; • improve roads/tarmac roads/buy cars; • improve housing/buy better building materials/buy houses; etc. 3 @ 1 mark
4. [4] (a)(iv) Ideas such as: • smaller workforce/less tradesmen; • loss of skilled/qualified workers; • loss to economy/slow down economy/less tax to government/GDP decreases/temporary economic depression; • decline in agricultural production; • families split by migration/wife and family remains behind; • children disruptive or misbehaving as parents can't control them; • increasing divorce rates; • no one left to care for elderly/elderly dependents increase; • pay more taxes/work longer to pay for pensions; • declining birth rates/aging population; • loss of male population/gender imbalance created; etc. 4 @ 1 mark
5. [3] (b)(i) northward route; • 2500-3500 kilometres; • (Cameroon) to Niger/Agadez; • Through Algeria to Melilla/Niger/Agadez to Algeria/Melilla; • Melilla to Spain; etc. N.B.: Can accept route via Senegal or Mauritania. 3 @ 1 mark
6. [5] (b)(ii) Ideas such as: • some are unable to obtain employment/not enough jobs; • lack of qualifications/skills/education/no experience; • many cannot speak the language; • exploitation by employers; • low paid jobs; • do jobs other people don't want/do dirty jobs/live in poverty/don't earn enough to sustain themselves; • work long hours; • unable to buy homes/live in poor conditions/overcrowding; • some may have to live away from their families; • discrimination may occur/racism; • some may have entered illegally/not be allowed in; • poor access to services/or examples; • getting used to culture/different foods/laws; • difficulties in practicing religion/religious discrimination; • high cost of living; etc. 5 @ 1 mark or development
7. [7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain why it has a low population density. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain why it has a low population density. (N.B. Max 5 if no named example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to; Relief, Accessibility, Climate, Water supply, Employment, Natural resources etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the chosen country/locational detail, Population data etc.