(a) Study Fig. 1, a map showing net migration.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) The movement from one country/area/place/ to another.
2. [1] 1 mark
3. [2] (ii) A - Canada/USA
4. [2] B - Brazil/Peru/Uruguay/Ecuador/Colombia/Guyana/Surinam/Paraguay/Bolivia
5. [2] 2 @ 1 mark
6. [3] (iii) Ideas such as:
7. [3] Western Europe is positive/increases but Africa (north of the Equator) is (mainly) negative/decreases OR no change/there is in-migration in western Europe and out migration in Africa;
8. [3] There are some positive exceptions within Africa;
9. [3] MAX 2 for evidence of the contrast such as:
10. [3] Example of a positive such as UK/France/Germany etc.;
11. [3] Example of a negative such as Egypt or example of no change such as Libya/Chad etc.;
12. [3] Exception of Nigeria/Benin/Liberia etc. which are positive
13. [3] NB: Do not accept regions. Needs to compare.
14. [3] 3 @ 1 mark
15. [4] (iv) Push factors such as:
16. [4] War/civil war/political instability/conflict/corrupt government;
17. [4] Persecution (religious or political);
18. [4] Natural disaster (or example to MAX 1);
19. [4] Lack of work/low pay/poverty/poor working conditions;
20. [4] Poor/bad health care/high levels of disease or examples;
21. [4] Lack of education opportunities;
22. [4] Lack of water/poor water supply;
23. [4] Poor sanitation/hygiene;
24. [4] Lack of food/famine/malnutrition;
25. [4] Housing (needs to be developed in some way such as houses lack electricity/piped water etc./no electricity);
26. [4] Crime (needs to be developed in some way such as to escape drug cartels) etc.
27. [4] NB: Make sure the push factor is clear such as lack of food or poor sanitation or bad education
28. [4] 4 @ 1 mark
29. [3] (b) (i) Ideas such as:
30. [3] any trend before 1970 described e.g. slow growth between 1910 and 1950;
31. [3] any trend after 1970 described e.g. rapid increase from 1970 to 1990;
32. [3] statistics for two years which support either of the trends referred to OR statistics for 1910 and 2010 i.e. increase from 200 000 to 9.8 million.
33. [3] NB. No tolerance on statistics. Units are needed.
34. [3] 3 @ 1 mark
35. [5] (ii) Ideas such as:
36. [5] (may be expressed as pressure on/cost of/lack of/need more ...)
37. [5] Competition for/lack of jobs/underemployment;
38. [5] Poverty;
39. [5] Crime (specified)/need for more police/security;
40. [5] Traffic congestion/need for more public transport;
41. [5] Air pollution/water pollution;
42. [5] Pressure on health care services or examples;
43. [5] Pressure on educational facilities or examples;
44. [5] Insufficient housing/more homelessness/property is more expensive;
45. [5] Growth of squatter settlements;
46. [5] Pressure on water supplies/sanitation/untreated water;
47. [5] Urban sprawl occurs;
48. [5] Loss of natural vegetation;
49. [5] Lack of food/food more expensive;
50. [5] Lack of farmland;
51. [5] Lack of electricity supplies/cost of supplying electricity;
52. [5] Disease (specified);
53. [5] Pressure on infrastructure;
54. [5] Need to build more roads etc.
55. [5] 5 @ 1 mark or development
56. [7] (c) Levels marking
57. [7] Level 1(1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail explaining low rates of natural population growth.
58. [7] Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example More developed statements explaining low rates of natural population growth.
59. [7] Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference.
60. [7] NB. Use of relevant statistics to back up simple statements (i.e. low birth rate of x per 1000) is L2. Do not allow answers relating to migration or population density. Not high birth rate or low death rate.
61. [7] Suggested content:
62. [7] • Reasons for low birth rate
63. [7] • Reasons for high death rate
64. [7] • Reason for birth rate and death rate similar etc.