O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/12 · Oct/Nov 2011 · Q225 Marks

Section A Answer one question from this section. (a) Study Fig. 3, which is a model of an LEDC city. [Figure 3.0] (b) Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows part of an urban area.

(a)(i)Identify from Fig. 3 one example of land use in the CBD.[1]
(a)(ii)Suggest two examples of amenities in the housing in the area marked X in Fig. 3 which are likely to be of poor quality. 1 2[2]
(a)(iii)Describe three different types of location where squatter settlements have developed in cities in LEDCs. 1 2 3[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why large numbers of people live in squatter settlements in cities in LEDCs.[4]
(b)(i)Suggest three likely problems of living in the urban area shown in Photograph A. 1 2 3[3]
(b)(ii)Describe the methods which can be used by city planners to solve one of the problems which you have suggested in (b)(i). Problem chosen ................................................................[5]
(c)In many towns and cities there have been changes in shopping facilities in recent years. Describe one recent change in shopping facilities in a named town or city which you have studied. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of this change for the people who live in the town or city. Town or city studied ................................................................[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2011). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a)(i) Offices/shops/apartments
[2] (a)(ii) Amenities such as: Water supplies; Electricity/gas; Sanitation/drainage; Heating; Security; Cooking facilities; Air conditioning etc.
[3] (a)(iii) Locations such as: on rural-urban fringe/outskirts/edge of city; near centre of city/CBD; on steep valley sides/hillsides/steep slopes; on marshland/land liable to flood/near rivers; near industry/factories; near low cost housing; near main roads; near railways; near waste tips; on derelict land etc.
[4] (a)(iv) Ideas such as: many people migrate from countryside; people are unable to obtain jobs/work for low pay/work in informal sector; cannot afford housing/it is a cheap area to live; as they can build them themselves/cheap to build; not enough houses/inadequate government investment in housing; rates of natural increase are high; easy access to/close to work etc.
[3] (b)(i) Problems such as: Traffic congestion; Atmospheric pollution; Noise pollution; Water pollution; Not enough housing/high cost of housing; Small/tightly packed/overcrowded houses; Lack of open space/green spaces; High unemployment; Pressure on hospitals/education services; High crime rates; Visual pollution/visually unattractive; waste disposal/litter etc.
[5] (b)(ii) Ideas as appropriate to chosen problem: e.g. Traffic congestion: Pedestrianise areas; Set up urban tramway; So less people will use cars (dev); Build metro system; Build outer urban ring road; So through traffic will not enter urban area (dev); Install traffic lights/build roundabouts; Congestion charging; Increase cost of road duties/parking; Provide more buses; Decentralise services/workplaces; Create off street parking; Employ more traffic police; Widen roads; Only allow use of cars on certain days of week; Allow only 1 car per family; Car sharing; Subsidise public transport; Park and Ride; Staggered office hours etc.
[7] (c) Level 1 (1–3 marks): Statements including limited detail describing a change in shopping facilities in a town or city and/or advantages and/or disadvantages of the change. (e.g. building new shopping centre, loss of farmland, easy to go shopping by car, competes with businesses in centre, people can shop under cover, people have more choice of shops etc.)
[7] (c) Level 2 (4–6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements about advantages and/or disadvantages of the change, along with some description of the change in land use. (e.g. building new out of town shopping centre; traffic congestion as many people who use new shopping centre travel by car, loss of farmland due to new shopping centre/road construction, atmospheric pollution from increased traffic, easy to go shopping by car as out of town centre has free car parking etc.) (NB MAX 5 marks if no named example or inappropriate example)
[7] (c) Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example (e.g. Warsaw). More developed statements about advantages and disadvantages of the change, including some place specific reference, along with some description of the change in land use. (e.g. building Arkadia shopping mall covering a total area of 287 000 m² the biggest shopping mall in Central Europe, traffic congestion as many people who use new shopping centre travel by car as there are 4000 free parking spaces, easy to go shopping as Arkadia is served by 15 bus routes and 10 tram lines, offers people greater shopping choice including Lacoste, Gant, Peek & Cloppenburg and Tommy Hilfiger, as well as high street chains like Zara, Esprit and Kappahl etc.)