Section A Answer one question from this section. (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows the Demographic Transition Model. [Figure 1.0] (b) Study Fig. 2, which shows changes in the life expectancy in Uganda and Zimbabwe (LEDCs in Africa) between 1955 and 2005. [Figure 2.0]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2011). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a)(i) Stage 1
2. [2] (a)(ii) High birth rate/birth rate remained unchanged/slightly decreasing birth rate; reducing/decreasing/low death rate/rapidly decreasing death rate; birth rate is much higher than death rate = 2 birth rate is higher than death rate = 1
3. [3] (a)(iii) Ideas such as: Small family size; Availability/people can afford contraception/birth control/family planning; Knowledge of/education about contraception/birth control/family planning; Emancipation of women; Women are more career minded/prefer to work; Knowledge of/education about problems caused by large families/population growth; Government policy (or example); Low infant mortality rate; Expensive to raise children/desire for material possessions; Later marriage; Access to abortion; Less need for children to work; pensions etc.
4. [4] (a)(iv) One mark for correct choice of country linked with stage e.g. UK Stage 4 Two marks for generic reference to birth and death rates e.g. UK has low birth rates and low death rates = 2 One further mark for a reasonably accurate reference to birth or death rate statistics e.g. UK BR c.10 per 1000/DR c.10 per 1000
5. [3] (b)(i) Differences or similarities, which could be statistics or interpretation such as: Zimbabwe's life expectancy generally higher; Uganda's life expectancy higher in 2005; Uganda's starts to fall in 1985 but Zimbabwe's starts to fall in 1990; Uganda's rises again from 1995, Zimbabwe's keeps falling; Zimbabwe in 1955 was 42, Uganda 40.
6. [5] (b)(ii) Reasons for increase in life expectancy such as: better treatment of diseases/or examples/drugs/medicines; inoculation against diseases/vaccines; improved health care facilities/or examples/hospitals/clinics; training/availability of doctors/nurses; investment in care homes/services for elderly; pensions; better water; good sanitation; better food supply/diet; decreasing crime rates/better security etc. Reasons for decrease in life expectancy such as: (Civil) war/conflict/increasing crime rates; Famine/not enough food; AIDS/sexually transmitted diseases/epidemics; Drought; Economic failure etc.
7. [7] (c) Level 1 (1–3 marks): Statements including limited detail describing policies to reduce natural population growth rates. (e.g. more contraceptives, government incentives to reduce: family size, one child policy etc.)
8. [7] (c) Level 2 (4–6 marks): Uses named example (e.g. China). More developed statements describing policies to reduce natural population growth rates. (e.g. government issues free contraceptives, couples are fined if they have more than one child, free education for first child etc.) (NB MAX 5 marks if no named example or inappropriate example)
9. [7] (c) Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example (e.g. China). Comprehensive and accurate statements describing policies to reduce natural population growth rates, including some place specific reference. (e.g. government issues free contraceptives, one child policy, granny police keep an eye on couples and report people who have more than one child to the authorities, free education for first child etc.)