O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/22 · May/June 2025 · Q68 Marks

Fig. 6.1 shows a mind map drawn by a student studying squatter settlements in a large LEDC city. [Figure 6.1]

(a)(i)Using Fig. 6.1, identify one reason why the squatter settlement residents face the threat of being removed from their homes.[1]
(a)(ii)Add one point to Fig. 6.1 that the student could have made about the squatter settlement environment.[1]
(b)Suggest two reasons why squatter settlements grow. 1 2[2]
(c)Fig. 6.2 shows a sketch map of a self-build site-and-services scheme on the edge of the city for rehousing squatter settlement residents living near the CBD. Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of moving to a self-build site-and-services scheme on the edge of the city for a squatter settlement resident living near the CBD. advantages 1 2 disadvantages 1 2[4]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2025). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a)(i) no legal rights to land
[1] (a)(ii) sloping site; air pollution; land pollution/litter; water/river pollution; untreated sewage; shortage of space/houses cramped together; houses made of recycled materials/corrugated iron etc. houses liable to collapse/unstable/flimsy/not sturdy.
[2] (b) high/increasing BR/increase in population; migration (accept from any origin)/move from rural areas to cities/urban areas; relatives move in to be close to family; unemployment/people lose their jobs/less job opportunities; high levels/increase in levels of poverty or examples; houses in the city are unaffordable/can't afford rent/shortage of housing/competition for housing.
[4] (c) Advantages – (Reserve 1 mark): availability of/access to/better/improved/more services/schools/children's play area/all services in one place/nearby/greater service provision than in a squatter settlement; drains/water supply/sewage/healthier environment/better sanitation; can choose a plot/house that suits their income/have control of what is included in their plot/house/different types of plots available; lots of job opportunities/availability of jobs/named example of a job from the key; near commercial area/shops; security of tenure/legal home/you have ownership over your home/won't be bulldozed; low cost/cheap materials for building; safe due to police station/fire station; less air/land/litter/noise water pollution (than in the CBD). Disadvantages – (Reserve 1 mark): loses sense of community/friends/being near relatives/won't know anybody there; many migrants can't afford to pay/can increase debts/higher cost than living in squatter settlements/housing plots are expensive/people can't afford them; may have to leave present job (in CBD)/can't afford transport to job/a long way away from job/no longer in CBD where they work/distance to services (in CBD) is greater; encourages more migrants/just as crowded/may become overcrowded; people may not have construction skills/be physically fit enough to finish house/may not be completed to a high/safe standard; different levels of housing provision may reinforce inequalities; no healthcare/clinics/doctors/hospitals provided; Not enough/lack of green areas/open space. Note: no credit for features copied from the key without further comment.