Study Fig. 1.1, which shows information about population growth in the UK.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] 500 000
2. [2] Natural population growth: Difference between the number of birth and deaths / BR-DR / BR higher than DR / more births than deaths;
3. Net migration: Difference between immigration and emigration / more moving in than out / immigration-emigration;
4. [3] Net migration bigger than natural population growth= 1999-2011 inclusive / 2014;
5. More emigrants than immigrants= 1992;
6. Largest increase in population= 2011;
7. [4] Ideas such as: Low BR / fertility rates;
8. Use of / availability of contraception / family planning is widespread / can afford contraception;
9. Availability of abortions;
10. Educated about family planning / problems of large population growth;
11. Women are educated / many women have careers / emancipation;
12. Expense of large families / people want to buy luxury goods;
13. Benefits are available for elderly / no need for many children to look after the elderly / old people have pensions / care homes;
14. Education is compulsory;
15. Low IMR rates;
16. Get married later / have children later;
17. Children not needed as workers / on farms;
18. Secular society / religious beliefs do not prevent use of contraception;
19. Etc.
20. [3] Ideas which compare growth such as: More growth in Africa overall;
21. Population was higher in Europe in 1800 but higher in Africa in 2100;
22. Growth was more rapid in Europe up to 1950 / or any period before that as long as not a single year;
23. Growth has been much more rapid in Africa since 1950 / or any period after that as long as not a single year;
24. Europe's population is predicted / estimated to decrease (from 2015) but Africa's predicted to increase;
25. Statistics with units to MAX. 1 RESERVE – needs to be comparative and include 2 dates for each of Europe and Africa. Do not need to be supporting statements made.
26. [5] Ideas such as : Lack of housing / overcrowded houses / shanty towns;
27. Pressure on health care;
28. Pressure on educational facilities;
29. Lack of employment;
30. Lack of food / farmland / starvation / need to import more food;
31. Pressure on water supplies / lack of water;
32. Pressure on sanitation / lots of waste / waste disposal problems;
33. Traffic congestion / jams;
34. Overuse of agricultural land / desertification / have to farm marginal land;
35. Deforestation;
36. Air / water pollution;
37. Poverty;
38. Pressure on electricity / power / fuel shortages;
39. Etc.
40. [7] Levels marking
41. Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe and/or comment on the success of a population policy.
42. e.g. One Child Policy
43. Level 2 (4-6 marks) More developed statements which describe and/or comment on the success of a population policy. Can use 3 × L2 for description or evaluation. (Note: Max. 5 if no named or inappropriate example)
44. Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which describe and comment (both at L2) on the success of a population policy including some place specific reference.
45. Note: Anti natal policies e.g. China One Child Policy
46. Ideas will cover the following – so credit only 1 × L2 for each of the ideas below, although other ideas such as applying to have a child / increasing the age of marriage can also be credited.
47. Any country with an anti natal policy follows the marking structure for China.
48. Whereas pro natal policies e.g. Singapore / France can develop any ideas to L2, without using the China marking structure.
49. Incentives - e.g. One Child Policy & Free education (L2)
50. Penalties - One Child Policy & use of fines (L2)
51. Exceptions - One Child Policy & not penalized for twins or if first child disabled (L2)
52. Enforcement – One Child Policy & Granny Police (L2)
53. Not: allow second child is the first born is a girl in rural areas too generalized
54. Content Guide: Policy could be to reduce or increase population growth and could refer to natural growth or migration.
55. Answers are likely to refer to: ∞ Limits on numbers of children
56. ∞ Methods of enforcement
57. ∞ Provision of contraception
58. ∞ Legislation about abortion
59. ∞ Impact on birth rates
60. ∞ Female infanticide
61. ∞ Imbalance of sex ratios
62. ∞ Reduced birth rate
63. ∞ Less pressure on schools
64. ∞ Less pressure on food
65. ∞ Less pressure on medical care
66. ∞ Etc.
67. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the chosen country, Population data, Specific aspects of policy etc. Statistics (can also be credited as PS)