O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/21 · May/June 2010 · Q830 Marks
Students wanted to investigate some characteristics of the CBD (Central Business District) of a town. Fig. 17 (Insert) shows the centre of the town. The students decided to map pedestrian flows and interview shoppers in order to test the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 The numbers of pedestrians decrease away from the central point of the CBD Hypothesis 2 Shoppers have different opinions about the CBD [Figure 17]
- (a)The point marked X on Fig. 17 (Insert) was identified as the central point of the CBD from which the students made their measurements. Give three characteristics which the students may have used to decide on the central point of the CBD. [Figure 17][3]
- (b)(i)The students wanted to make their fieldwork as accurate as possible, so they measured distances of 100m, 200m and 300m away from the central point along the roads in each direction. The survey sites are shown on Fig. 17 (Insert). At each site, they did a pedestrian count lasting 10 minutes at five different times during the day. A copy of the recording sheet used by the students is shown on Fig. 18 below. Complete the recording sheet by inserting the correct total. [Figure 18][1]
- (b)(ii)Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of their method of selecting the sites for the pedestrian counts. Advantage Disadvantage[2]
- (b)(iii)Study the results of the three survey sites on Bluebell Street which are shown in Table 6 (Insert). Give two reasons why the students did the pedestrian count at five different times during the day. [Table 6][2]
- (c)(i)The results of the pedestrian counts are mapped with isolines on Fig. 19 below. [Figure 19] Using the key provided on Fig. 19, shade in the area where more than 150 pedestrians were recorded.[1]
- (c)(ii)On Fig. 19, draw the isoline to show 100 pedestrians. [Figure 19][2]
- (c)(iii)To what extent does the information on Fig. 19 support Hypothesis 1 The numbers of pedestrians decrease away from the central point of the CBD? [Figure 19][2]
- (c)(iv)Use the information on Fig. 17 (Insert) to suggest why pedestrian flows vary within the study area. [Figure 17][2]
- (c)(v)The outdoor market was closed on the day of the pedestrian counts. To extend their fieldwork, the students repeated the pedestrian counts on a day when the outdoor market was open between 08.00 and 13.00 hours. What difference would you expect the students to find between the results of the two days?[3]
- (d)(i)To investigate Hypothesis 2, the students devised a questionnaire to discover what opinions shoppers had about the CBD. The questionnaire is shown on Fig. 20 below. [Figure 20] Describe one appropriate sampling method to obtain an accurate sample of people to be interviewed.[3]
- (d)(ii)Add two more possible attractions and two more possible concerns in the spaces on the questionnaire (Fig. 20). Use different ideas and not just opposites. [Figure 20][4]
- (e)Having completed the questionnaire and obtained their results, the students considered how to use them. Use the following headings to suggest how they could have used the results of their questionnaire. Graphs to show their results Analysis of their results Recommendations to the town council[5]
This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.
Mark scheme
Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2010). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.
- [3] Road junction/cross-roads
- Peak land value point
- Historic building or site e.g. church or square
- Town hall
- Indoor shopping centre/mall
- NOT: highest buildings/most shops/most businesses/most pedestrians/bus station/outdoor market/car park
- [1] Total = 17
- [2] Advantage:
- Can be measured accurately on a map
- Systematic coverage of CBD area – points at 100, 200, 300 m
- Covers all directions
- Well distributed (NOT wide area)
- Disadvantage:
- Difficult to measure accurately on a road
- Site may be inappropriate to use for survey
- Distances between sites are too large so few survey sites
- Gaps between four roads are not covered by survey
- No credit for opposites
- [2] To see if there is any variation during the day
- To include factors which affect specific times e.g. going to work/lunch time
- NOT: wider variety of results/average results/accurate results
- [1] Shading of area with more than 150 pedestrians – needs shading in all 4 quadrants (NOT line shading)
- [2] Isoline plotted on Fig. 12
- Subtract 1 mark for each error
- [2] Information does support the hypothesis/numbers decrease – reserve
- But the rate of decrease varies in different directions
- All totals decrease away from CBD
- Use of comparative figures from Fig. 8 to support conclusion
- [2] High number/lot of pedestrians/numbers increase near car park
- High number/lot of pedestrians/numbers increase near bus station
- High number/lot of pedestrians/numbers increase near shopping centre
- High number/lot of pedestrians numbers increase near town hall
- No important buildings on Bluebell St so less pedestrians
- Do not accept: less shops/more shops
- [3] Increase in number/more pedestrians generally at car park/at bus station/at shopping centre
- Increase in number/more pedestrians along Albion St/near market
- Increase in number/more pedestrians particularly during 08.00, 10.30 and 13.00 counts/ between 08.00 and 13.00/when market is open
- NOT 'lot of people'
- [3] 1 mark for name of sampling method
- 2 marks for describing method:
- Stratified
- Appropriate gender balance
- Appropriate age balance
- Systematic
- Use a system of sampling
- Asking every tenth person
- Random
- No pattern to sampling
- Random number tables
- [4] Attractions:
- Accessible by bus/train/public transport
- Car parking space
- Indoor shopping
- High level of security/safe
- Facilities - toilets/play area/disabled provision
- Pleasant environment – landscaping/displays
- Pedestrianised
- Everything within walking distance
- Entertainment/cinema/theatre/museum/coffee shops
- Place to meet friends
- NOT: shops/services/cheaper prices/jobs/clean area
- Concerns:
- Difficulty of parking/narrow roads
- Begging/harassment
- Lack of facilities - toilets/rest areas
- Too many down-market shops affect the image/lots of empty shops
- Groups of youths/crime/violence/drugs/insecure
- Dangers from traffic in busy area/congestion
- Air pollution/noise/dangerous needs qualifying
- No credit for opposites
- 2+2
- [5] Graphs:
- Need type of graph + purpose for each mark, such as: pie chart of attractions
- pie chart of concerns
- divided bar graph of concerns
- bar chart of age groups
- pie chart of attractions for females
- pie chart of attractions for males
- bar chart of opinions (attractions + concerns)
- Analysis:
- Rank results
- Pick out the top three/top one/what attracts or concerns most
- Identify differences in results between genders
- Identify differences in results between age groups
- Look for patterns/comparisons (e.g. between male and female)
- Compare results with secondary data
- Recommendations:
- What people like
- What concerned people
- Reserve 1 mark for each of the three sub-sections
- No transfer of marks between headings (mark under headings)
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