O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/13 · May/June 2018 · Q225 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), which shows information about urbanisation.

(a)(i)What is meant by urbanisation?[1]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 2.1 only: – name the continent with the lowest percentage of people living in urban areas – state the percentage of the population living in urban areas in most countries in Australasia and North America %[2]
(a)(iii)Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the distribution of cities with over 10 million inhabitants in 2000.[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why the population of many cities has grown rapidly since 2000.[4]
(b)(i)Compare the location of the squatter settlements labelled X and Y.[3]
(b)(ii)Describe the problems faced by people living in squatter settlements, such as those shown in Fig. 2.2.[5]
(c)For a named urban area you have studied, describe what has been done to reduce the negative impacts of urbanisation. Name of urban area[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a)(i) population shift from rural to urban areas/increasing proportion (or percentage) of population living in urban areas or towns and cities
[2] (a)(ii) Africa; Over 75%
[3] (a)(iii) Ideas such as: Unevenly distributed/clustered; Mainly northern hemisphere/more in the northern hemisphere/more north of the Equator; (Mainly) LEDCs/less developed countries/LICs/poor countries; Most in Asia/a lot in Asia; Mainly coastal etc.
[4] (a)(iv) Ideas such as: Large amounts of inward migration (from countryside)/lots of people moving in; People seeking employment/higher wages/industrial development; Education; Health care; Bright lights/entertainment; Follow family and friends; Electricity; Water supply; Or trying to escape drought/natural disaster; Persecution/war/civil war; High birth rates/high natural increase or valid reason for; Falling death rates or reason for valid reason for etc. Credit pulls and/or pushes but no double credit.
[3] (b)(i) Ideas such as: X is higher than Y X is on steeper land/Y is on flatter land; Y is closer to river/lake/water/sea; Y is closer to mosque/church etc. Note: The answer must compare and candidates need to state X or Y
[5] (b)(ii) Ideas such as: Possible flooding from the river (in Y); Difficult access due to steep slopes (for X); Risk of landslides; Poor quality building materials/flimsy/easily destroyed by storms; Lack of electricity; Lack of (clean) water supplies/polluted water; Overcrowding/lots of people live in small areas/lack of privacy; Lack of open space; Crime levels high/muggings/burglaries/lack of security/drugs/gangs; Unmade/poor quality roads/difficult access; Disease spreads easily/water borne disease or example/sickness; Lack of a sewage system/poor sanitation/lack of hygiene; Risk of fire; Can be moved on/have no rights to the land; Inadequate waste disposal/vermin
[7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe what has been done to reduce the negative impacts of urbanisation. Level 2 (4-6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe what has been done to reduce the negative impacts of urbanisation. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to pushes or pulls such as: ∞ Self-help schemes ∞ Building of low cost houses ∞ Site and services schemes ∞ Creation of employment ∞ Improvement of infrastructure or examples ∞ Reduce urbanisation by investing in the countryside ∞ Better security measures ∞ Provision of education/hospitals ∞ Creation of jobs for people with low skills/or examples etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the chosen city, Locational detail statistical data details of schemes etc. Could be LEDC or MEDC focus.