O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/12 · May/June 2018 · Q225 Marks

Answer one question from this section. (a) Study Fig. 2.1, which shows information about urban problems.

(a)(i)In all cities there are inequalities. What does this mean?[1]
(a)(ii)Identify two types of pollution from Fig. 2.1, and for each describe a problem which it may cause for people living in urban areas.[2]
(a)(iii)Explain why many urban areas experience the problem of traffic congestion.[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why many people who live in urban areas live in poor quality housing.[4]
(b)Study Figs. 2.2 and 2.3, which are maps which show information about land use change in part of the inner city of Nottingham, in the UK.
(b)(i)Using evidence from Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 only, describe three changes which took place in the land use in the area shown.[3]
(b)(ii)Suggest why these land use changes are likely to cause conflict.[5]
(c)For a named country you have studied, explain why internal migration takes place from rural areas to rapidly growing urban areas. Name of country[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Some people are rich whilst others are poor/there are variations in wealth/standards of living/opportunities/appropriate examples e.g. housing or cars;
[2] Ideas such as: Air pollution could make breathing difficult/causes asthma; Noise pollution could make it hard for people to concentrate/sleep/cause stress/heada ches; Water pollution could cause water borne disease/cholera; Visual pollution could stop people selling homes/spoiling views; etc. Note: Both the type of pollution and the problem for people must be stated. 2 @ 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as: Population growth in cities/migration to cities/many people live there/high population density; Road network was not designed for large numbers of cars/roads are too narrow/not enough roads; Growth in car ownership/many people use cars; Many people commute/travel to centre at same time of day/rush hour/many workplaces centrally located; Inadequate public transport/cycle lanes/other examples; Roadworks/accidents; Many HGVs/delivery vehicles; 3 @ 1 mark
[4] Ideas such as: Lack of housing stock/not enough houses; Migration (to cities); Many people live in squatter settlements/build own houses; People cannot afford housing/poverty/lack of employment/housing or land expensive; Lack of building space; Old housing stock/in need of renovation/not maintained by landlords; etc. 4 @ 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as: Housing demolished/less houses; Housing built; School built; Industry built; Roads blocked off/road closures; Adventure playground built; Car parks created; More open space; Etc. Note: Do not need before and after here. 3 @ 1 mark
[5] Ideas such as: People may have lived in houses for many years; People have to move out; Some people do not want change/new people cause problems; Loss of community spirit; More traffic/traffic congestion; Danger for children going to nearby schools; More noise pollution from industry/schools; Air pollution from industries; Visual pollution from e.g. new buildings; New housing could be too expensive; Loss of jobs/change in employment; People feel land should have been used for something else or give example; Etc. Note: Accept problems as much as conflict. 5 @ 1 mark or development
[7] Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain the causes of internal migration. e.g. higher paid job=L1 Level 2 (4-6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain the causes of internal migration. Note: Can accept valid statistics as 1× L2 for this question (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to pushes or pulls such as: ∞ Employment ∞ Food supply ∞ Provision of health care ∞ Water supply ∞ Natural disasters ∞ Wars/conflict ∞ Persecution ∞ Provision of education etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the chosen country, statistical data etc.