Study Fig. 1, which shows information about population changes in three countries. Country | Birth rate (per 1000) | Death rate (per 1000) | Natural population growth (per 1000) ---|---|---|--- Bolivia | 22.8 | 6.5 | 16.3 Germany | 8.5 | 11.4 | -2.9 New Zealand | 13.3 | 7.4 | [Fig. 1] Study Fig. 2, which shows information about the child mortality rate in countries in Africa. Child mortality is the number of deaths of children aged under 5 per 1000 live births during a year. [Fig. 2]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (Change in population as a result of) difference in number of births and deaths / birth rate minus death rate or births minus deaths.
2. [2] 13.3 – 7.4 = 5.9 (per 1000) (1st mark) (per 1000) (2nd mark)
3. [3] Ideas such as: birth rates are low / death rate higher than birth rate / reason for a high death rate (must be MEDC context); availability / affordability of contraception; contraception – education about it; modern attitudes to family size / people now having smaller families / high cost of having children; women have careers; education of women; emancipation of women; impact of secular society; low infant mortality rates; government support for old age; abortion made legal / available; later marriages; same gender partners etc.
4. [3] Ideas such as: Between tropics; Central Africa / middle of Africa; South of Sahara / sub-Saharan area; 2 or more examples – Mali / Chad / Somalia / Angola / (DR) Congo / Sierra Leone / Burkina Faso / Central African Republic; Sahel; Clustered / next to each other; Unevenly spread; Majority of countries are landlocked.
5. [4] Ideas such as: Poor health care / clinics / hospitals / remote from healthcare; Lack of doctors / nurses; Poor food supply / malnutrition / starvation / crops don't grow; Water in not clean / water in short supply / drought; Sanitation / hygiene poor; Lack of vaccinations; War / conflict; Waterborne disease e.g. malaria / typhoid / cholera AIDS / HIV; Poor education about diet / healthcare / sanitation; Lack of medicines / cures for diseases / high cost of medicines; Cultural impact specified – for example, girls neglected.
6. [5] Ideas such as: people are likely to have many children / large families / people will reproduce more; as they think that many will not live long / in the hope some will survive / to replace children who die / know that lots are going to die; they want children to help on the land; they want children to help in the home; they want children to help to collect water / firewood; they want children to earn money when they are old enough / to work; to look after siblings; to look after parents in old age; there are no pensions / state benefits for elderly
7. [7] Levels marking: Level 1 (1-3 marks): Statements including limited detail which describe a population policy used to influence growth rate. Level 2 (4-6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements which describe a population policy used to influence growth rate. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are most likely to refer to anti-natal policy and could include ideas such as: one child policy / limit number of babies / restrict number of children advertise the benefits of small families educate people about contraception legalise abortion make (free) contraceptives available examples of specific incentives (e.g. free education, free health care) introduce pensions for elderly examples of disincentives (e.g. if have a 2nd child e.g. fines, lose jobs reduce benefits for people having children e.g. reduced maternity leave / child benefit / child tax credits) forced sterilisation free goods e.g. radios in India educate women to encourage them to take jobs or careers marriage regulations e.g. late marriage / seek permission gender equality acts etc. (The reverse ideas would apply to pro-natal policies) Note: Development should refer to the policy itself not reasons or explanations for it. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the chosen country, Population data Reference to a specific named policy / specific details about it etc.