Study Fig. 1, which shows information about migration. What is meant by migration?

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) Movement of people from one area/place/country/location to another/in or out of the country
2. [2] (ii) Involuntary = people are forced to migrate; International = migration from one country to another; Internal = migration within a country; 3 correct = 2 marks; 2 correct = 1 mark; 0 or 1 correct = 0 mark
3. [3] (iii) Ideas such as: reduction of/loss of male/young/working/active population/fewer people to do jobs/imbalanced population sex structure; reduction in food supply/starvation/malnutrition/reduction of farm production/lack of farmers/farms neglected; less pressure on utilities or example (water supply); less pressure on services or example (hospitals); social problems or example/no-one to look after elderly; benefit of remittances or example/send money back; families divided; underused services, e.g. schools/shops close down; easier to find work for people left behind; fewer people to share food among; travel further to access services, etc. 3 @ 1 mark
4. [4] (iv) Ideas such as: (lack of) work/(un)employment/more job opportunities; low/high paid work; people cannot afford/so people will be able to afford housing/lower house prices; people cannot afford/so people will be able to afford health care/free healthcare; people cannot afford/so people will be able to afford education/government provides free education/subsidised education; high exchange rate/strong currency; poor economy/poverty/low GDP/lower taxes; expensive living costs, etc. NB: Accept pulls and pushes but no double credit. Must be economic. 4 @ 1 mark
5. [3] (b) (i) Indonesia has negative net migration/more move out than in; Singapore has positive net migration/more move in than out; it is higher in Singapore/net migration higher in Singapore/lower in Indonesia; comparative statistics: Indonesia –1.25 to −1.3 m compared with Singapore 0.9 to 1 m. NB: Reserve 1 mark for statistics. 3 @ 1 mark
6. [5] (ii) Ideas such as: enlarges labour force/helps to exploit resources/do seasonal jobs (dev); cheap labour; people will do jobs locals will not do/dirty jobs; skilled labour; or example – doctors/engineers (dev); cultural exchange/multi-cultural society; specific services set up; or example – Chinese restaurants (dev); stronger military/join armed forces; raises more tax revenue/more taxes paid to government; brings new ideas/inventions; reduces dependency ratio; brings larger market for businesses/shops can sell more; increases GDP/helps country to develop/helps the economy; employment/revenue for the country created by new businesses/competition lowers prices by new businesses, etc. 5@1 mark or development
7. [7] (c) Levels marking; Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe the problems faced by migrants living in squatter settlements. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe the problems faced by migrants living in squatter settlements. NB: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example. Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: poor quality housing; water and air pollution; shortage of food and water; high crime rates; not enough health care and education; lack of employment; poverty; lack of qualifications/skills/education/no experience; some cannot speak the language/language barrier; low paid jobs; may have to live away from their families; discrimination may occur; exploitation by employers, etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: named parts of the city/squatter settlement, statistical data, etc. NB: Name of urban area can be a city, part of a city or squatter settlement name. If a rural area, country or continent is named, then max 5. Can accept LEDC or MEDC.