(a) Study Fig. 8, a map showing pollution of a river in an MEDC. [Fig. 8 is a map of a river showing its direction of flow (north to south then east). Various sources of pollution are indicated along the river. The river's water quality is represented by different shading. Key: Sources of pollution: water treatment works, waste from sewage treatment works, waste from coal tip, waste from coal mine, waste from factory, polluted surface run-off from motorway, polluted run off from rubbish tip. Water quality: - Good (white) - Fair (light grey) - Poor (cross-hatch) - Bad (dark shading) Point A is at the top (north) of the river, where the quality is 'Good'. As the river flows south-east, various pollution sources enter it, and the water quality deteriorates, becoming 'Bad' at point B (south-east).] (b) Study Fig. 9 which shows newspaper extracts about three proposed new developments on an island in the Atlantic Ocean. [Fig. 9 presents three newspaper extracts describing proposed new developments: - Extract 1: NEW NORTH-SOUTH MOTORWAY PLANNED. Plans have been submitted to build a motorway across the mountains, through the valley of the White River. - Extract 2: PLANS ANNOUNCED TO BUILD NEW FISH PROCESSING FACTORY. A multi-national company plans to clear woodland and scrub to build a factory to process and can locally caught sardines. - Extract 3: LUXURY RESORT AND GOLF COURSE PROPOSED FOR SUMMER BAY. Plans have been submitted to build a resort and golf course on the sand dunes.]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2010). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) Quality is reduced/gets worse/changes from good to bad
2. [2] (a) (ii) Ideas such as: Run off from rubbish tip; Waste from factory; Waste from sewage treatment works; Waste from coal mine; Joined by polluted tributaries; Run off from motorways; etc
3. [3] (a) (iii) Ideas such as: cheap way of disposal/can't afford to treat it; it is quick/easy/convenient; regulations are not strict/no laws against it; enforcement of regulations is poor/corruption of officials; lack of technology to treat waste; lack of education/unaware of damage caused; etc
4. [4] (a) (iv) Ideas such as: better treatment of sewage; factories stop discharging waste into rivers/install filters; encouraging recycling of waste materials rather than dumping; incinerate waste; monitoring of water quality; set up more strict regulations/apply laws; ensure regulations are enforced/fines/suspension/closure; education re- impacts; etc
5. [3] (b) (i) Ideas such as: e.g. Motorway: vegetation destroyed; ecosystems threatened; food chain disrupted; loss of habitats; visual pollution/change shape of landscape/change shape of mountain; dust from construction; noise from construction/traffic/machinery; fumes from exhausts/traffic; soil erosion (in cuttings); sedimentation in river; etc e.g. fish processing factory woodland/scrub/vegetation destroyed; ecosystems threatened; food chain disrupted; loss of habitats; visual pollution; noise from construction/traffic/machinery; fumes from exhausts/traffic; processing/smell; threats to fish stocks; etc e.g. resort and golf course sand dune vegetation destroyed/plants/vegetation destroyed; ecosystems threatened; food chain disrupted; loss of habitats; noise from construction/traffic/machinery; fumes from exhausts/traffic; over use of water supplies/reduced water; litter from tourists (on beaches); waste from hotel (results in more landfill sites); more sewage disposed of (at sea); etc
6. [5] (b) (ii) Ideas will depend on chosen option (e.g. resort and golf course): restricting size of resort/tourist numbers; to reduce overcrowding/noise/congestion (dev): conserve/restrict access to parts of dunes/areas where sensitive species are growing; education of tourists/golfers regarding environmental issues; so they are aware of any damage caused by their actions/behaviour (dev); employing people to clear up regularly; using local labour; keep money in local economy (dev); positive multiplier effect (dev); using local provisions; do not incorporate water features/fountains on golf course/resort; build waste water processing plant for hotel/use waste water from hotel for water golf course; etc NB: Answer must link to candidates chosen development. No double credit on ideas/development.
7. [7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail describing the benefits to people of an economic activity. (e.g. more jobs are created, foreign exchange/income, better schools/hospitals built, development of infrastructure/water/electricity/transport, meet people of different nationalities/cultural exchange; retention of culture/traditions, increased market for local farmers/food is bought in markets/by hotels, sales of local products; etc Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example More developed statements which describe the benefits to people of an economic activity (e.g. tourism). (e.g. more jobs are created for local people so they earn regular income, foreign exchange/income spent on education/hospitals, development of infrastructure such as water/electricity/transport etc, meet people of different nationalities so cultural exchange; retention of culture/traditions as they are tourist attractions, increased market for local farmers as food is bought in markets/by hotels, sales of local craft items; etc) NB Max 5 if no named example Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example (e.g. tourism in Mahe, Seychelles). Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. (e.g. more jobs are created for people in Beau Vallon Bay so they earn regular income, foreign exchange/income spent on new hospitals built in Victoria, improvement of water supply system to Anse Royale; development of airport to international standard by extension of runway, meet people of different nationalities, especially people from Europe, so cultural exchange; retention of Creole cooking and cultural dances as they are tourist attractions, increased market for local farmers as food is bought in markets in Victoria/by hotels/restaurants in Beau Vallon Bay, sales of local craft items such as shells and corals; etc) NB: No marks awarded for description of economic activity.