O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/12 · May/June 2015 · Q125 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about the population of Lithuania (an MEDC). Birth rate (2013) = 9.4 per 1000 Death rate (2013) = 11.5 per 1000 [Figure 1]

(a)(i)What is meant by death rate = 11.5 per 1000?[1]
(a)(ii)Calculate the natural population growth rate of Lithuania in 2013. You should show your calculations in the box below. ...................................................................................................................................................... per 1000[2]
(a)(iii)Describe the changes to Lithuania's net international migration between 2005 and 2011. You should refer to data from Fig. 1 in your answer.[3]
(a)(iv)Suggest the possible impacts on Lithuania of a large amount of emigration.[4]
(b)(i)Study Figs 2A and 2B (Insert), which show satellite images of Las Vegas in 1973 and 2000. Las Vegas is a city in the USA (an MEDC). Describe the changes in the shape and size of Las Vegas between 1973 and 2000.[3]
(b)(ii)Describe the types of land use which occur at the edges of cities.[5]
(c)Name a country you have studied where internal migration has occurred. Explain the reasons for this migration. Name of country .....................................................[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2015). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (i) 11.5 (people) per 1000 die each year/in 2013
[2] (ii) 9.4 – 11.5 (1 mark); = -2.1 per 1000 (2nd mark)
[3] (iii) it decreases/net migration decreases/ overall increase in negative net migration; 2005-2006 slight increase in net migration/ slight decrease in negative net migration; 2006–2009 slight decrease in net migration/ slight increase in negative net migration; 2009–2010 net migration decreases steeply/ steep increase in negative net migration; 2010-2011 steep increase in net migration/ steep decrease in negative net migration; 2 years with figures –for example, from 2009 to 2010 it increased from –16000 to -76000. Need to include units (000's). NB: 1 mark RESERVE for data. Focus is on change. Comments must relate to the line graph - net international migration. Allow a tolerance of + or – 1000 on statistics. 1 mark available for increase and decrease/fluctuating idea without qualification if marks not already awarded for trends.
[4] (iv) loss of working population/loss of young population/jobs not filled/loss of economically active/less pressure of jobs; under-population; increase in wages; shortage of skills or example/lack of innovation; decline in economy/production is lower/GNP reduced; hard to produce enough food; families split up; declining birth rate; loss of traditional culture; money /remittances sent home by migrants; less pressure on services/housing; resources wasted/less demand for resources; less taxes paid/taxes increases/less government money e.g. for pensions; ageing population/increased dependency ratio; gender imbalance; closure of businesses/businesses make less profit/less spending power; closure of amenities or services or example such as schools or hospitals; less traffic congestion; less specified pollution (MAX 1); more difficult to defend the country; government adopts a pro-natalist policy; encourage migrant workers/encourage workforce another country; country becomes less attractive for investors etc.
[3] (b) (i) increase in size/has grown/has expanded/it is much bigger/urban sprawl; four to six times bigger/increased from 64–225 square km to 500–750 square km; especially to south east /north west/west/south; 8-15 km N-S (length) increase to 25–30 km/three times bigger from N to S; 8–15 km W-E (width) increase to 20–25 km/two times bigger from E to W; some infilling; became more elongated/more rectangular etc. NB: No reserve on shape or size. Focus on change. No maximum on statistics.
[5] (ii) housing estates/new housing/detached housing/high quality housing; retail parks/shopping centres/supermarkets/hypermarkets; large areas for parking; ring roads/motorways/by passes; leisure centres/specific type of leisure provision; industrial estates/new factories/science parks/footloose industries; parks/state parks/theme parks/country parks; farmland/plantation/fields/crops/pasture/grazing land/forestry; squatter settlements; power stations; airports; sewage works; refuse tips/landfill sites; quarries; game reserves; botanical gardens; commuter/suburbanised villages; reservoirs. NB: Development is of the description. Do not credit explanation.
[7] (c) Level 1 (1–3 marks): Statements including limited detail which explain reasons for internal migration. Level 2 (4–6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements which explain reasons for internal migration. NB: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example. Any country is valid. MAX 5 if international migration as inappropriate example. Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain reasons for internal migration, including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: employment, health care, education, drought, food supplies, political issues, war, wages, standard of living etc. NB: No double credit for pulls and pushes. Development is of the explanation. Answers relating to commuting and tourism = 0. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: named parts of the chosen country/locational detail, population data etc.